Human evolution latest 2023 graded A

Human evolution latest 2023 graded A primates order of mammals that includes apes & monkeys prehensile having a grasping ability quadrupedalism form of locomotion using 4 limbs for bearing weight bipedalism form of locomotion using rear 2 limbs for bearing weight brachiation using front 2 limbs to grasp branches from underneath for weight bearing prognathism The jutting forward of the lower face and jaw area. anthropoids group of primates including apes and monkeys prosimians group of primates including lemurs, tarsiers and bush babies pentadactyl having five digits arboreal living in trees steroscopic vision allows depth perception zygomatic arch cheek bone mandible lower jaw bone sagittal crest Bony projection on top of the cranium for attachment of chewing muscles. nuchal crest ridge at the back of the skull for attachment of neck muscles. canines pointed teeth next to the incisors; for spearing meat and also for display in agonistic behaviour femur upper leg (thigh) bone pelvis hip bones; form a 'bowl' under the internal organs clavicle collar bone cranial vault the bones that encase and protect the brain, including the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital bones foramen magnum the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes. hallux big toe pollux thumb scapula shoulder blade LCA last common ancestor hominoids great apes valgus angle the angle between the shaft of femur and the vertical when femur is in normal standing orientation precision grip type of grip involving the tips of the thumb and finger for fine manipulation of objects Miocene geological epoch during which bipedalism began to evolve in African apes forebrain area of the brain involved in complex, mostly conscious behaviour (including abstract thought). Wernicke's area brain area involved in language comprehension Broca's area brain area involved in language expression Ardipithecus earliest recognized hominin genus (5.5-4.5 mya). Includes ramidus and kadabba species gracile slender build robust stocky build Australopithecus genus of bipedal hominins in Africa from approx 3.5mya. Includes the "Lucy" species (Au. afarensis) Homo genus of hominins first evolving in Africa from approx 2.5mya. Includes modern humans (H.sapiens) H. habilis First species in Homo genus to evolve (approx 2.5mya) in Africa. Used early stone tools for a scavenging lifestyle Oldowan The earliest stone tools. Simple chopping tools and sharp flakes, probably made by Homo habilis. H. ergaster Hominin species evolving approx 1.8mya in Africa. Tools more advanced than previously and used for first hunting. H. erectus First hominin species to disperse from Africa. Probably same species as H. ergaster (stayed in Africa). Acheulean Lower Paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. erectus Paleolithic Old Stone Age