CSCC Psychology 1100 Final Exam| latest full testbank with complete solution | GRADED A+

CSCC Psychology 1100 Final Exam| latest full testbank with complete solution | GRADED A+ Study of behavior and mental processes - Psychology The __________ approach emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as the drive for sex) and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences. Practitioners of this approach believe that sexual and aggressive impulses buried deep within the unconscious mind influence the way people think, feel, and behave. - Psychodynamic The ___________ approach emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants. It focuses on an organism's visible behaviors, not thoughts or feelings. - Behavioral The _________ approach emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one's destiny. - Humanistic The _________ approach emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems. - Cognitive Some psychologists emphasize an __________ approach that uses evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors. - Evolutionary Some psychologists examine behavior and mental processes through the ___________ approach, which is a focus on the body, especially the brain and nervous system. - Biological The __________ approach examines the influences of social and cultural environments on behavior. - Sociocultural Most of the studies psychologists publish in research journals follow the _______ ________, which may be summarized in these five steps: Observing some phenomenon Formulating hypotheses and predictions Testing through empirical research Drawing conclusions Evaluating conclusions - Scientific Method A ________ is anything that can change - Variable A _______ is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations. They seek to explain why certain things are as they are or why they have happened, and can be used to make predictions about future observations. - Theory A _______ is a testable prediction that derives logically from a theory. A theory can generate many of these. If more and more _________ related to a theory turn out to be true, the theory gains in credibility. - Hypothesis _______ research is interested in discovering relationships between variables. - Correlational. The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a correlational coefficient, which is most commonly represented by the letter r. The correlation coefficient is a statistic that tells us two things about the relationship between two variables—its strength and its direction. The value of a correlation always falls between −1.00 and +1.00. The number or magnitude of the correlation tells us about the strength of the relationship. The closer the number is to ±1.00, the stronger the relationship. The sign (+ or −) tells us about the direction of the relationship between the variables. A positive sign means that as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases the other does as well. When variables are positively correlated, they change in the same direction. A negative sign means that as one variable increases, the other decreases. Negatively correlated variables change together but do so in the opposite direction. A zero correlation means that there is no systematic relationship between the variables. __________ research involves finding out about the basic dimensions of some variable. - Descriptive A _____ ______ is an in-depth look at a single individual. - Case study A related method that is especially useful when information from many people is needed is a ________, or questionnaire, which presents a standard set of questions, or items, to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic. - Survey. Surveys can measure only what people think about themselves. Furthermore, people do not always know the truth about themselves. If you were answering a survey that asked, "Are you a generous person?" how might your answer compare to that of a friend who is asked to make that same rating about you? One particular problem with surveys and interviews is the tendency of participants to answer questions in a way that will make them look good rather than in a way that communicates what they truly think or feel. Another challenge in survey construction is that when questionnaires are used to operationally define variables, it is crucial that the items precisely probe the specific topic of interest and not some other characteristic. The language used in surveys therefore must be clear and understandable if the responses are to reflect the participants' actual feelings. An ________ is a data-gathering methodology that involves a standard set of questions asked in the same manner and order. For example, when doing research, you may do this instead of asking them to fill out a questionnaire. - Interview The observation of behavior in a real-world setting. - Naturalistic observation The soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment. In the realm of testing, the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. - Validity The outcome; the factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable - Dependent variable A manipulated experimental factor; the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are. - Independent variable Researchers' assignment of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups. - Random assignment The brain's special capacity for change - Plasticity The nerve cells that handle the information-processing function. - Neurons Chemical substances that are stored in tiny sacs inside neuron's terminal buttons and are involved in transmitting information across the synaptic gap to the next neuron. - Neurotransmitters The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance. - Cell body Treelike fibers projecting from a neuron, which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body. - Dendrites The part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells. - Axon A layer of fat cells that encase and insulates most axons - Myelin sheath The network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body - Peripheral nervous system The network of nerves that connects to the brain and spinal cord - Central nervous system The body system consisting of the sensory nerves, whose function is to convey information from the skin and muscles to the central nervous system about conditioned such as pain and temperature, and the motor nerves, whose function is to tell muscles what to do. - Somatic nervous system The body system that takes messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion - Autonomic nervous system The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to mobilize it for action (fight or flight) - Sympathetic nervous system The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body - Parasympathetic nervous system Located at the skull's rear, the lowest portion of the brain, consisting of the brainstem, medulla, cerebellum, and pons - Hindbrain The stemlike brain area that includes much of the hindbrain. Basic life support functions; sleeping, eating, breathing, body temperature regulation. Injury to this area can kill you! - Brainstem Associated with balance and fine motor movements - Cerebellum Brain structures central to emotion, memory, and reward processing, and houses habits and memories. - The limbic system The __________ is important for practiced movement - Cerebellum The structure of the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories - Hippocampus Involved in the discrimination of objects that are necessary for the organism's survival, such as appropriate food, mates, and social roles; Senses and interprets threats in surrounding environment. - Amygdala The ________ monitors three pleasurable activities—eating, drinking, and sex and is a regulator for the body's internal state. - Hypothalamus Part of the forebrain (outer layer) responsible for most complex mental functions, such as thinking and planning. - Cerebral cortex The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres. What does the RIGHT side of the brain control? - Movements on the LEFT side of the body, also language/ speech, logic, math. The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres. What does the LEFT side of the brain control? - Movements on the RIGHT side of the body, also spacial skills (space around us), music, and art The brain, in addition to being divided into the left and right hemispheres, can also be divided into lobes. These 4 lobes are which? - Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. Which lobe is associated with vision, containing the visual cortex? - The occipital (back) lobe (Left and right lobe, left vision is right lobe, right vision is left lobe). Which lobe processes the sense of touch, containing the "sensory cortex"? - Parietal lobe, located on the sides of the head. Touching with right hand stimulates the left parietal lobe). What are the frontal lobes associated with? - Control of movement; Portion of the cerebral cortex behind the forebrain, involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles. Which cortex processes information about body sensations and is located at the front of the parietal lobe? - The so