Inhoud
Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................5
Trekvisie.............................................................................................................................................5
Interactionistische visie......................................................................................................................6
Wie heeft gelijk?.................................................................................................................................6
Genen en persoonlijkheid.......................................................................................................................7
Inleiding, begrippen, en doelen..........................................................................................................7
Het menselijk genoom....................................................................................................................7
Doel gedragsgenetica.....................................................................................................................8
Gedragsgenetica.................................................................................................................................8
Klassieke.........................................................................................................................................8
Moderne gedragsgenetica............................................................................................................13
Gedragsgenetica, wetenschap, politiek en waarden........................................................................15
Conclusie..........................................................................................................................................15
Fysiologische benaderingen in persoonlijkheid....................................................................................15
Inleiding: geschiedenis en begrip......................................................................................................15
Humorale theorie (Hippocrates en Galenus)................................................................................16
Sheldon’s fysiologische benadering (1930-1940).........................................................................16
Fysiologische systemen................................................................................................................16
Indicator vs. Substraat..................................................................................................................17
Fysiologische maten.........................................................................................................................17
Elektrodermale respons / activiteit (huidgeleiding)......................................................................18
Cardiovasculaire activiteit:............................................................................................................18
hersenactiviteit.............................................................................................................................18
Andere: biochemische analyse van bloed en speeksel.................................................................19
Persoonlijkheidsdimensies met fysiologisch substraat.....................................................................20
Extraversie-introversie..................................................................................................................20
Gevoeligheid voor beloning en straf.............................................................................................21
Sensatiezucht................................................................................................................................22
Neurotransmitters en PH..............................................................................................................22
Ochtend/avondtype.....................................................................................................................22
Hersenasymmetrie en affectieve stijl...........................................................................................23
Samenvatting en conclusie...............................................................................................................23
Evolutionaire benadering van persoonlijkheid.....................................................................................23
Evolutietheorie.................................................................................................................................23
1
, Basistheorie en principes..............................................................................................................23
Producten van evolutionaire processen.......................................................................................26
Evolutionaire psychologie.................................................................................................................28
Empirisch testen van evolutionaire hypothesen...........................................................................28
domeinen van toepassing:................................................................................................................29
(Menselijke natuur)......................................................................................................................29
Geslachtsverschillen.....................................................................................................................29
Kanttekeningen bij evolutionaire benadering...................................................................................29
Individuele verschillen..................................................................................................................29
Hoe variantie in persoonlijkheidstrekken verklaren?...................................................................30
Beperkingen evolutionaire psychologie........................................................................................31
3 misverstanden...........................................................................................................................32
Hoofdstuk 11: motieven en persoonlijkheid.........................................................................................33
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................33
Basisbegrippen.............................................................................................................................33
Motieven: Kenmerken......................................................................................................................33
Motieven: welke?.............................................................................................................................34
1. Academische traditie................................................................................................................34
Humanistische traditie..................................................................................................................37
Samenvatting en evaluatie...............................................................................................................40
Hoofdstuk 13: Persoonlijkheid en emoties...........................................................................................41
Definitie van emoties........................................................................................................................41
Definitie in termen van oorsprong (waar komt het vandaan?).....................................................41
Definitie in termen van functie (waar dient het voor?):...............................................................41
Definitie in termen van componenten (uit wat bestaat het?)......................................................42
Theorieën van wat emoties veroorzaakt..........................................................................................45
William James (1842-1910)...........................................................................................................45
Stanley Schachter (1922-1997).....................................................................................................45
Basis emoties................................................................................................................................46
Circumplex/constructionistische theorieen..................................................................................46
Appraisal theorieen......................................................................................................................47
Emoties en individuele verschillen...................................................................................................48
Regulatie van emoties......................................................................................................................49
Enkele specifieke emoties.................................................................................................................52
Geluk............................................................................................................................................52
Emotionele inhoud: negatieve emoties........................................................................................54
2
, Woede en vijandigheid.................................................................................................................56
Emotie en cultuur.............................................................................................................................57
Samenvatting....................................................................................................................................58
Hoofdstuk 16: Persoonlijkheid en sociale interactie.............................................................................59
PH en sociale omgeving....................................................................................................................59
Selectie.............................................................................................................................................59
Evocatie............................................................................................................................................62
Agressie en hostiliteit...................................................................................................................62
Evocatie van woede in relaties.....................................................................................................62
Verwachtingsbevestiging (Expectancy Confirmation)...................................................................63
Manipulatie......................................................................................................................................63
Hoe?.............................................................................................................................................63
Individuele verschillen en samenhang PH?...................................................................................64
Machiavellisme.............................................................................................................................64
Illustratie van de 3: narcisme en sociale interactie...........................................................................64
Selectie.........................................................................................................................................64
Evocatie........................................................................................................................................64
Manipulatie..................................................................................................................................65
Interactionisme.................................................................................................................................65
Samenvatting:...................................................................................................................................65
Hoofdstuk 17: Geslacht, gender en persoonlijkheid.............................................................................66
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................66
Geslachtverschillen in persoonlijkheid.............................................................................................68
PH opgevat in termen van Vijffactorenmodel...............................................................................68
Geslachtsverschillen in depressie.................................................................................................71
Samenvatting................................................................................................................................72
Androgynie en genderstereotypes...................................................................................................72
Androgynie...................................................................................................................................72
Gender stereotypes......................................................................................................................73
Samenvatting................................................................................................................................74
Theorieën van geslacht/genderverschillen.......................................................................................74
Socialisatie en sociale rollen.........................................................................................................74
Hormonale Theorieën...................................................................................................................75
Evolutionair Psychologische theorieën.........................................................................................75
Integratie......................................................................................................................................75
Samenvatting....................................................................................................................................76
3
, Hoofdstuk 18: persoonlijkheid en stress en gezondheid......................................................................77
Maar: vele psychologische- en gedragsfactoren kunnen ook invloed hebben op ziekte:.....................77
Enkele belangrijke begrippen: Stress................................................................................................77
Primaire en secundaire appraisal..................................................................................................77
Concept van stress........................................................................................................................78
Stress respons...............................................................................................................................78
Types stress..................................................................................................................................78
Veelvoorkomende of veel onderzochte stressoren......................................................................78
Persoonlijkheid-ziekte modellen......................................................................................................79
Interactioneel model....................................................................................................................79
Transactioneel model...................................................................................................................80
Gezondheidsgedrag model...........................................................................................................80
Predispositie model......................................................................................................................80
Ziekte-gedrag model.....................................................................................................................81
Omgaan met stress...........................................................................................................................81
Attributionele stijl.........................................................................................................................81
Optimisme en fysiek welzijn.........................................................................................................82
Rol van emoties................................................................................................................................83
Emotie-regulatie...........................................................................................................................83
Positieve emoties..........................................................................................................................85
Type-A en type-D gedrag en cardiovasculaire aandoeningen.......................................................85
SAMENVATTING...............................................................................................................................86
4
Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................5
Trekvisie.............................................................................................................................................5
Interactionistische visie......................................................................................................................6
Wie heeft gelijk?.................................................................................................................................6
Genen en persoonlijkheid.......................................................................................................................7
Inleiding, begrippen, en doelen..........................................................................................................7
Het menselijk genoom....................................................................................................................7
Doel gedragsgenetica.....................................................................................................................8
Gedragsgenetica.................................................................................................................................8
Klassieke.........................................................................................................................................8
Moderne gedragsgenetica............................................................................................................13
Gedragsgenetica, wetenschap, politiek en waarden........................................................................15
Conclusie..........................................................................................................................................15
Fysiologische benaderingen in persoonlijkheid....................................................................................15
Inleiding: geschiedenis en begrip......................................................................................................15
Humorale theorie (Hippocrates en Galenus)................................................................................16
Sheldon’s fysiologische benadering (1930-1940).........................................................................16
Fysiologische systemen................................................................................................................16
Indicator vs. Substraat..................................................................................................................17
Fysiologische maten.........................................................................................................................17
Elektrodermale respons / activiteit (huidgeleiding)......................................................................18
Cardiovasculaire activiteit:............................................................................................................18
hersenactiviteit.............................................................................................................................18
Andere: biochemische analyse van bloed en speeksel.................................................................19
Persoonlijkheidsdimensies met fysiologisch substraat.....................................................................20
Extraversie-introversie..................................................................................................................20
Gevoeligheid voor beloning en straf.............................................................................................21
Sensatiezucht................................................................................................................................22
Neurotransmitters en PH..............................................................................................................22
Ochtend/avondtype.....................................................................................................................22
Hersenasymmetrie en affectieve stijl...........................................................................................23
Samenvatting en conclusie...............................................................................................................23
Evolutionaire benadering van persoonlijkheid.....................................................................................23
Evolutietheorie.................................................................................................................................23
1
, Basistheorie en principes..............................................................................................................23
Producten van evolutionaire processen.......................................................................................26
Evolutionaire psychologie.................................................................................................................28
Empirisch testen van evolutionaire hypothesen...........................................................................28
domeinen van toepassing:................................................................................................................29
(Menselijke natuur)......................................................................................................................29
Geslachtsverschillen.....................................................................................................................29
Kanttekeningen bij evolutionaire benadering...................................................................................29
Individuele verschillen..................................................................................................................29
Hoe variantie in persoonlijkheidstrekken verklaren?...................................................................30
Beperkingen evolutionaire psychologie........................................................................................31
3 misverstanden...........................................................................................................................32
Hoofdstuk 11: motieven en persoonlijkheid.........................................................................................33
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................33
Basisbegrippen.............................................................................................................................33
Motieven: Kenmerken......................................................................................................................33
Motieven: welke?.............................................................................................................................34
1. Academische traditie................................................................................................................34
Humanistische traditie..................................................................................................................37
Samenvatting en evaluatie...............................................................................................................40
Hoofdstuk 13: Persoonlijkheid en emoties...........................................................................................41
Definitie van emoties........................................................................................................................41
Definitie in termen van oorsprong (waar komt het vandaan?).....................................................41
Definitie in termen van functie (waar dient het voor?):...............................................................41
Definitie in termen van componenten (uit wat bestaat het?)......................................................42
Theorieën van wat emoties veroorzaakt..........................................................................................45
William James (1842-1910)...........................................................................................................45
Stanley Schachter (1922-1997).....................................................................................................45
Basis emoties................................................................................................................................46
Circumplex/constructionistische theorieen..................................................................................46
Appraisal theorieen......................................................................................................................47
Emoties en individuele verschillen...................................................................................................48
Regulatie van emoties......................................................................................................................49
Enkele specifieke emoties.................................................................................................................52
Geluk............................................................................................................................................52
Emotionele inhoud: negatieve emoties........................................................................................54
2
, Woede en vijandigheid.................................................................................................................56
Emotie en cultuur.............................................................................................................................57
Samenvatting....................................................................................................................................58
Hoofdstuk 16: Persoonlijkheid en sociale interactie.............................................................................59
PH en sociale omgeving....................................................................................................................59
Selectie.............................................................................................................................................59
Evocatie............................................................................................................................................62
Agressie en hostiliteit...................................................................................................................62
Evocatie van woede in relaties.....................................................................................................62
Verwachtingsbevestiging (Expectancy Confirmation)...................................................................63
Manipulatie......................................................................................................................................63
Hoe?.............................................................................................................................................63
Individuele verschillen en samenhang PH?...................................................................................64
Machiavellisme.............................................................................................................................64
Illustratie van de 3: narcisme en sociale interactie...........................................................................64
Selectie.........................................................................................................................................64
Evocatie........................................................................................................................................64
Manipulatie..................................................................................................................................65
Interactionisme.................................................................................................................................65
Samenvatting:...................................................................................................................................65
Hoofdstuk 17: Geslacht, gender en persoonlijkheid.............................................................................66
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................66
Geslachtverschillen in persoonlijkheid.............................................................................................68
PH opgevat in termen van Vijffactorenmodel...............................................................................68
Geslachtsverschillen in depressie.................................................................................................71
Samenvatting................................................................................................................................72
Androgynie en genderstereotypes...................................................................................................72
Androgynie...................................................................................................................................72
Gender stereotypes......................................................................................................................73
Samenvatting................................................................................................................................74
Theorieën van geslacht/genderverschillen.......................................................................................74
Socialisatie en sociale rollen.........................................................................................................74
Hormonale Theorieën...................................................................................................................75
Evolutionair Psychologische theorieën.........................................................................................75
Integratie......................................................................................................................................75
Samenvatting....................................................................................................................................76
3
, Hoofdstuk 18: persoonlijkheid en stress en gezondheid......................................................................77
Maar: vele psychologische- en gedragsfactoren kunnen ook invloed hebben op ziekte:.....................77
Enkele belangrijke begrippen: Stress................................................................................................77
Primaire en secundaire appraisal..................................................................................................77
Concept van stress........................................................................................................................78
Stress respons...............................................................................................................................78
Types stress..................................................................................................................................78
Veelvoorkomende of veel onderzochte stressoren......................................................................78
Persoonlijkheid-ziekte modellen......................................................................................................79
Interactioneel model....................................................................................................................79
Transactioneel model...................................................................................................................80
Gezondheidsgedrag model...........................................................................................................80
Predispositie model......................................................................................................................80
Ziekte-gedrag model.....................................................................................................................81
Omgaan met stress...........................................................................................................................81
Attributionele stijl.........................................................................................................................81
Optimisme en fysiek welzijn.........................................................................................................82
Rol van emoties................................................................................................................................83
Emotie-regulatie...........................................................................................................................83
Positieve emoties..........................................................................................................................85
Type-A en type-D gedrag en cardiovasculaire aandoeningen.......................................................85
SAMENVATTING...............................................................................................................................86
4
