RECHT & SAMENLEVING
RECHT EN SAMENLEVING Derde bachelor
rechten, UGent
Academiejaar: 2021 - 2022
Door Prof. Ellen Desmet, Prof. Charlotte Colman en Jan Van Laer
, INHOUDSTAFEL
Inhoudstafel......................................................................................................................................................1
1. Inleiding: co-constitutieve verhouding.........................................................................................................6
1.1 Rol van recht in de samenleving.............................................................................................................6
1.2 sociale sturing.........................................................................................................................................7
2. ‘Law and society’ onderzoek of ‘law in society’............................................................................................7
2.1 Algemeen................................................................................................................................................8
A) Stijlen in juridisch onderzoek................................................................................................................8
2.2 Perspectieven op recht...........................................................................................................................9
2.3 Recht.....................................................................................................................................................10
2.4 methodologie.......................................................................................................................................12
A) Perspectieven.....................................................................................................................................12
B) Kwalitatief vs. kwantitatief.................................................................................................................12
C) Methodologische trade-offs...............................................................................................................12
D) Etnografie...........................................................................................................................................14
E) Rechtsantropologisch onderzoek i.d. koloniale periode.....................................................................14
F) Etnocentrisme.....................................................................................................................................14
1. Recht en cultuur.........................................................................................................................................15
1.1 Cultuur?................................................................................................................................................15
1.2 Recht en cultuur...................................................................................................................................15
1.3 Legal Culture.........................................................................................................................................17
2. Recht in actie..............................................................................................................................................18
2.1 Rechtspluralisme..................................................................................................................................18
A) Recht in actie......................................................................................................................................18
B) Legal centralism vs. decentraliserende visie.......................................................................................19
2.2 Interlegaliteit........................................................................................................................................21
1. Wat zijn mensenrechten? Waar komen mensenrechten vandaan?...........................................................22
1.1 Vier scholen onder academici? (Marie-Bénédicte Dembour)...............................................................22
A) Natural School....................................................................................................................................23
B) Deliberative school.............................................................................................................................23
C) Protest school.....................................................................................................................................23
D) Discourse school.................................................................................................................................23
1.2 MR-begrippen van ‘gewone mensen’...................................................................................................23
2. Mensenrechten en culturele diversiteit......................................................................................................24
1
, 2.1 Actua.....................................................................................................................................................24
2.2 Cross-culturele interpretatie van MR (An- Na’im).................................................................................25
2.3 Culturele verschillen.............................................................................................................................25
3. De praktijk van (mensen)rechten................................................................................................................26
3.1 De praktijk van (mensen)rechten..........................................................................................................26
3.2 Besluit...................................................................................................................................................28
1. Inleiding......................................................................................................................................................28
2. Conflict........................................................................................................................................................29
3. Formele geschilbeslechting.........................................................................................................................30
3.1 Visies op straffen..................................................................................................................................30
3.2 Straftoemeting: tussen rede en gevoel (formele geschillenbeslechting)..............................................31
A) De rechter tussen rede en gevoel.......................................................................................................31
B) Straftoemeting: enkele wettelijke/interne factoren...........................................................................32
C) Media en publieke opinie...................................................................................................................34
D) Nood aan transparantie bij het straftoemetingsproces......................................................................34
3.3 Lekenrechters (formele geschilbeslechting).........................................................................................36
4. Informele geschillenbeslechting.................................................................................................................39
4.1 Burenbemiddeling (informele geschillenbeslechting)...........................................................................39
4.2 Ombudsman / - vrouw (informele geschilbeslechting).........................................................................41
5. Nazorg.........................................................................................................................................................43
1. Context van de Chileense dictatuur............................................................................................................43
2. Onderzoekproject – justice visions.............................................................................................................44
3. Overgangsrecht in Chili...............................................................................................................................45
3.1 Slachtoffers en het overgangsrecht......................................................................................................45
3.2 Concept ‘slachtoffers’...........................................................................................................................46
A) Behoeftes van slachtoffers.................................................................................................................46
B) Transitie als voortdurend, continu proces..........................................................................................46
3.3 Conclusie...............................................................................................................................................47
1. Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................................47
2. Klassieke studies.........................................................................................................................................47
2.1 Vraag 1: klasseverschillen in rechtshulp...............................................................................................48
2.2 Rechtsweigering voor de lagere klasse.................................................................................................48
2.3 Oorzaken ongelijke rechtshulp.............................................................................................................48
2.4 Hoe ongelijke rechtshulp aanpakken?..................................................................................................48
3. Juridische bijstand in België........................................................................................................................49
4. Galanter (theorie).......................................................................................................................................49
4.1 Rechtssysteem = 4 elementen..............................................................................................................49
2
, A) Elementen die effect kunnen hebben op ongelijke positie van RP en OS (theorie)............................50
4.2 Legal iceberg vs. alternatieven voor het officiële systeem....................................................................51
4.3 Hervormingsstrategieën moo verminderen en wegwerken ongelijkheid.............................................52
4.4 Verbod om als tegenpartij op te treden................................................................................................52
5. Conclusie.....................................................................................................................................................53
1. Inleiding......................................................................................................................................................53
2. Diverse meningen over het recht...............................................................................................................54
2.1 Meningen van diverse publieken..........................................................................................................54
2.2 Niet rechtstreeks beroepsmatig, wel met ruime ervaring....................................................................55
2.3 Directe ervaring met justitie.................................................................................................................55
2.4 Potentieel gebruiker.............................................................................................................................56
3. (Systematisch) meten van meningen van burgers over het recht..............................................................56
4. Verklaringsmodellen van vertrouwen in justitie en politie.........................................................................57
4.1 Justitiebarometer..................................................................................................................................57
4.2 Enquête KUL en Wolters Kluwer...........................................................................................................60
4.3 European Social Survey.........................................................................................................................61
4.4 Verklaringsmodellen van vertrouwen in justitie en politie...................................................................61
7A. Intersectionaliteit en recht.......................................................................................................................62
7.1 inleiding................................................................................................................................................62
7.2 De oorsprong van intersectionaliteit: anti-discriminatierecht..............................................................63
A) Intersectionaliteit: de theorie.............................................................................................................63
B) Voortbouwen op intersectionaliteit...................................................................................................63
7.3 Intersectionaliteit en het recht van de mensenrechten........................................................................64
A) Hoe intersectionaliteit kan bijdragen a.h recht v/d mensenrechten..................................................64
B) Hoe het recht v/d mensenrechten intersectionaliteit kan implementeren........................................65
7.4 Uitdagingen voor intersectionaliteit en recht.......................................................................................66
7B. Dekoloniseren...........................................................................................................................................67
7.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................67
7.2 Wat is kolonialisme?.............................................................................................................................67
8. Discriminatierecht......................................................................................................................................68
8.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................68
8.2 Bronnen................................................................................................................................................68
8.3 Discriminatie: civielrechtelijk luik..........................................................................................................69
A) Is er een beschermd criterium?..........................................................................................................69
B) Is de wet van toepassing?...................................................................................................................70
C) Welke verboden gedraging is er?.......................................................................................................71
D) Is er een rechtvaardiging voor verschil in behandeling......................................................................72
3
RECHT EN SAMENLEVING Derde bachelor
rechten, UGent
Academiejaar: 2021 - 2022
Door Prof. Ellen Desmet, Prof. Charlotte Colman en Jan Van Laer
, INHOUDSTAFEL
Inhoudstafel......................................................................................................................................................1
1. Inleiding: co-constitutieve verhouding.........................................................................................................6
1.1 Rol van recht in de samenleving.............................................................................................................6
1.2 sociale sturing.........................................................................................................................................7
2. ‘Law and society’ onderzoek of ‘law in society’............................................................................................7
2.1 Algemeen................................................................................................................................................8
A) Stijlen in juridisch onderzoek................................................................................................................8
2.2 Perspectieven op recht...........................................................................................................................9
2.3 Recht.....................................................................................................................................................10
2.4 methodologie.......................................................................................................................................12
A) Perspectieven.....................................................................................................................................12
B) Kwalitatief vs. kwantitatief.................................................................................................................12
C) Methodologische trade-offs...............................................................................................................12
D) Etnografie...........................................................................................................................................14
E) Rechtsantropologisch onderzoek i.d. koloniale periode.....................................................................14
F) Etnocentrisme.....................................................................................................................................14
1. Recht en cultuur.........................................................................................................................................15
1.1 Cultuur?................................................................................................................................................15
1.2 Recht en cultuur...................................................................................................................................15
1.3 Legal Culture.........................................................................................................................................17
2. Recht in actie..............................................................................................................................................18
2.1 Rechtspluralisme..................................................................................................................................18
A) Recht in actie......................................................................................................................................18
B) Legal centralism vs. decentraliserende visie.......................................................................................19
2.2 Interlegaliteit........................................................................................................................................21
1. Wat zijn mensenrechten? Waar komen mensenrechten vandaan?...........................................................22
1.1 Vier scholen onder academici? (Marie-Bénédicte Dembour)...............................................................22
A) Natural School....................................................................................................................................23
B) Deliberative school.............................................................................................................................23
C) Protest school.....................................................................................................................................23
D) Discourse school.................................................................................................................................23
1.2 MR-begrippen van ‘gewone mensen’...................................................................................................23
2. Mensenrechten en culturele diversiteit......................................................................................................24
1
, 2.1 Actua.....................................................................................................................................................24
2.2 Cross-culturele interpretatie van MR (An- Na’im).................................................................................25
2.3 Culturele verschillen.............................................................................................................................25
3. De praktijk van (mensen)rechten................................................................................................................26
3.1 De praktijk van (mensen)rechten..........................................................................................................26
3.2 Besluit...................................................................................................................................................28
1. Inleiding......................................................................................................................................................28
2. Conflict........................................................................................................................................................29
3. Formele geschilbeslechting.........................................................................................................................30
3.1 Visies op straffen..................................................................................................................................30
3.2 Straftoemeting: tussen rede en gevoel (formele geschillenbeslechting)..............................................31
A) De rechter tussen rede en gevoel.......................................................................................................31
B) Straftoemeting: enkele wettelijke/interne factoren...........................................................................32
C) Media en publieke opinie...................................................................................................................34
D) Nood aan transparantie bij het straftoemetingsproces......................................................................34
3.3 Lekenrechters (formele geschilbeslechting).........................................................................................36
4. Informele geschillenbeslechting.................................................................................................................39
4.1 Burenbemiddeling (informele geschillenbeslechting)...........................................................................39
4.2 Ombudsman / - vrouw (informele geschilbeslechting).........................................................................41
5. Nazorg.........................................................................................................................................................43
1. Context van de Chileense dictatuur............................................................................................................43
2. Onderzoekproject – justice visions.............................................................................................................44
3. Overgangsrecht in Chili...............................................................................................................................45
3.1 Slachtoffers en het overgangsrecht......................................................................................................45
3.2 Concept ‘slachtoffers’...........................................................................................................................46
A) Behoeftes van slachtoffers.................................................................................................................46
B) Transitie als voortdurend, continu proces..........................................................................................46
3.3 Conclusie...............................................................................................................................................47
1. Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................................47
2. Klassieke studies.........................................................................................................................................47
2.1 Vraag 1: klasseverschillen in rechtshulp...............................................................................................48
2.2 Rechtsweigering voor de lagere klasse.................................................................................................48
2.3 Oorzaken ongelijke rechtshulp.............................................................................................................48
2.4 Hoe ongelijke rechtshulp aanpakken?..................................................................................................48
3. Juridische bijstand in België........................................................................................................................49
4. Galanter (theorie).......................................................................................................................................49
4.1 Rechtssysteem = 4 elementen..............................................................................................................49
2
, A) Elementen die effect kunnen hebben op ongelijke positie van RP en OS (theorie)............................50
4.2 Legal iceberg vs. alternatieven voor het officiële systeem....................................................................51
4.3 Hervormingsstrategieën moo verminderen en wegwerken ongelijkheid.............................................52
4.4 Verbod om als tegenpartij op te treden................................................................................................52
5. Conclusie.....................................................................................................................................................53
1. Inleiding......................................................................................................................................................53
2. Diverse meningen over het recht...............................................................................................................54
2.1 Meningen van diverse publieken..........................................................................................................54
2.2 Niet rechtstreeks beroepsmatig, wel met ruime ervaring....................................................................55
2.3 Directe ervaring met justitie.................................................................................................................55
2.4 Potentieel gebruiker.............................................................................................................................56
3. (Systematisch) meten van meningen van burgers over het recht..............................................................56
4. Verklaringsmodellen van vertrouwen in justitie en politie.........................................................................57
4.1 Justitiebarometer..................................................................................................................................57
4.2 Enquête KUL en Wolters Kluwer...........................................................................................................60
4.3 European Social Survey.........................................................................................................................61
4.4 Verklaringsmodellen van vertrouwen in justitie en politie...................................................................61
7A. Intersectionaliteit en recht.......................................................................................................................62
7.1 inleiding................................................................................................................................................62
7.2 De oorsprong van intersectionaliteit: anti-discriminatierecht..............................................................63
A) Intersectionaliteit: de theorie.............................................................................................................63
B) Voortbouwen op intersectionaliteit...................................................................................................63
7.3 Intersectionaliteit en het recht van de mensenrechten........................................................................64
A) Hoe intersectionaliteit kan bijdragen a.h recht v/d mensenrechten..................................................64
B) Hoe het recht v/d mensenrechten intersectionaliteit kan implementeren........................................65
7.4 Uitdagingen voor intersectionaliteit en recht.......................................................................................66
7B. Dekoloniseren...........................................................................................................................................67
7.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................67
7.2 Wat is kolonialisme?.............................................................................................................................67
8. Discriminatierecht......................................................................................................................................68
8.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................68
8.2 Bronnen................................................................................................................................................68
8.3 Discriminatie: civielrechtelijk luik..........................................................................................................69
A) Is er een beschermd criterium?..........................................................................................................69
B) Is de wet van toepassing?...................................................................................................................70
C) Welke verboden gedraging is er?.......................................................................................................71
D) Is er een rechtvaardiging voor verschil in behandeling......................................................................72
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