Test Bank for Cognitive Psychology (Answer key at every chapter end)

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that the mind was contained in the: A) brain. B) heart. C) lungs. D) stomach. 2. According to _____, all knowledge comes from experience. A) empiricism B) nativism C) relativism D) verticality 3. According to _____, children come into the world with a great deal of innate knowledge. A) empiricism B) horizontality C) nativism D) relativism 4. Why wasn't cognitive psychology studied before the 19th century? A) Before the 19th century, most sciences remained largely undeveloped. B) It was believed that the human mind could not be scientifically studied. C) Questions about the human mind were not asked before the 19th century. D) The equipment needed to conduct research had not yet been invented. 5. Who established the first psychology laboratory? A) James B) Thorndike C) Watson D) Wundt 6. _____ refers to reporting the contents of one's own consciousness under controlled conditions. A) Behaviorism B) Gestalt psychology C) Introspection D) Relativism 7. According to _____, psychologists should NOT try to analyze the working of the mind. A) behaviorism B) empiricism C) Gestalt psychology D) nativism 8. Developments in which field did NOT influence the emergence of cognitive psychology? A) artificial intelligence B) Internet technology C) information theory D) linguistics 9. Cognitive science does NOT integrate research efforts from which field? A) physics B) linguistics C) neuroscience D) philosophy 10. Components of the neuron include the: A) axon, dendrite, and ganglia. B) axon, dendrite, and soma. C) axon, ganglia, and soma. D) dendrite, ganglia, and soma. 11. The main body of the neuron is called the: A) axon. B) dendrite. C) soma. D) synapse. 12. A synapse is the: A) point at which an axon from one neuron touches the dendrite of another. B) point at which a dendrite from one neuron touches the dendrite of another. C) space shared by an axon from one neuron and a dendrite from another. D) space shared by a dendrite from one neuron and a dendrite from another. 13. Neurons communicate by releasing chemicals called: A) dendrites. B) hormones. C) neurotransmitters. D) syno-transmitters. 14. _____ form the fixed pathways by which neurons transmit action potentials. A) Axons B) Dendrites C) Somas D) Muscles 15. Excitatory synapses: A) decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. B) increase the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. C) do not change the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. D) can either increase or decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. 16. Inhibitory synapses: A) decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. B) increase the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. C) do not change the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. D) can increase or decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. 17. An axon's _____ of firing determine(s) how it will affect nearby cells to which it synapses. A) intensity B) pattern C) rate D) intensity, pattern, and rate 18. A bulge in the cortex is called a(n): A) aphasia. B) gyrus. C) sulcus. D) synapse. 19. Which of these lobes is NOT cortical? A) anterial B) frontal C) parietal D) temporal 20. The primary visual areas are contained in the _____ lobe. A) frontal B) occipital C) parietal D) temporal 21. Spatial processing occurs in the _____ lobe. A) frontal B) occipital C) parietal D) temporal 22. The _____ lobe is involved in object recognition. A) frontal B) occipital C) parietal D) temporal 23. Planning is performed by the _____ lobe. A) frontal B) occipital C) parietal D) temporal 24. The _____ portion of the brain is disproportionately larger in primates than in most mammals. A) frontal B) occipital C) parietal D) temporal 25. The _____ appears to be critical for human memory. A) frontal lobe B) hippocampus C) hypothalamus D) prefrontal cortex 26. Damage to the _____ results in amnesia. A) amygdala B) hippocampus C) hypothalamus D) thalamus 27. Which structure or structures is/are involved in motor functioning? I. the basal ganglia II. the cerebellum III. the frontal lobe A) II B) I and II C) II and III D) I, II, and III 28. The left hemisphere is associated with _____ processing. I. analytic II. linguistic III. perceptual IV. spatial A) II B) IV C) I and II D) II and IV 29. The right hemisphere is associated with _____ processing. I. analytic II. linguistic III. perceptual IV. spatial A) I B) IV C) I and III D) III and IV 30. The left hemisphere and the right hemisphere are connected by the: A) amygdala. B) basal ganglia. C) corpus callosum. D) medulla oblongata. 31. Jesse is a researcher working with splitbrain patients. He presents a complex command to one patient in the right ear (the right-ear patient) and presents the same complex command to another patient in the left ear (the left-ear patient). Jesse finds that: A) the left-ear patient displays full comprehension, while the right-ear patient does not. B) the right-ear patient displays full comprehension, while the left-ear patient does not. C) both patients display full comprehension. D) neither patient displays full comprehension. 32. Billy and Mac were in a car accident. Oddly, Billy suffered damaged to Broca's area, while Mac suffered damage to Wernicke's area. As a result: A) Billy suffered from language deficits, while Mac suffered from visual deficits. B) Billy suffered from visual deficits, while Mac suffered from language deficits. C) both suffered from language deficits. D) both suffered from visual deficits. 33. Nick speaks in short, ungrammatical sentences. He might have _____ aphasia. A) Basal's B) Broca's C) Sternberg's D) Wernicke's 34. Sharon speaks in fairly grammatical sentences that are almost devoid of meaning. She might have _____ aphasia. A) Basal's B) Broca's C) Sternberg's D) Wernicke's 35. _____ records the electrical potentials that are present on the scalp. A) EEG B) fMRI C) MRI D) PET 36. Victor is a neuroscientist. The imaging technique that he is using has very good temporal resolution but isn't very useful at identifying the location in the brain that is producing neural activity. This technique is called: A) ERP. B) fMRI. C) MRI. D) PET. 37. _____ is BEST at detecting activity in the sulci of the cortex and is less sensitive to activity in the gyri or activity deep in the brain. A) EEG B) fMRI C) MEG D) PET 38. In _____, a radioactive tracer is injected into the bloodstream. A) EEG B) fMRI C) MEG D) PET 39. _____ relies on the fact that there is more oxygenated hemoglobin in regions of greater neural activity. A) EEG B) fMRI C) MEG D) PET 40. The body sends more blood to more active areas of the brain. This is referred to as the: A) hemodynamic response. B) hemoglobin response. C) MRI effect. D) PET effect. 41. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to: A) generate the magnetic fields read by MRIs. B) permanently incapacitate an overactive brain region. C) temporarily incapacitate a normalfunctioning brain region. D) reactivate a brain region that has suffered mild damage. 42. Why should scientists in other fields study cognitive psychology? 43. What are the practical applications of cognitive psychology? Give specific examples. 44. Why was cognitive psychology ignored as a subject of scientific inquiry for so many years? 45. Why did introspection fall out of favor among psychologists? 46. What influences account for the modern development of cognitive psychology? 47. How does Sternberg's theory exemplify a classical abstract information-processing account? 48. What are split-brain patients, and what have we learned from research on them? 49. Describe the methods used in cognitive neuroscience. In other words, how does one explore the neural basis of cognition? 50. Select and describe two brain-imaging techniques. What are the benefits of each? What are the limitations of each? 51. Why has social science developed without grounding in cognitive psychology? 52. Differentiate between empiricism and nativism. 53. How did American introspection differ from German introspection? 54. Describe the conflict among introspectionists, behaviorists, and Gestalt psychologists. 55. Describe Thorndike's view on introspection. 56. Differentiate between cognitive psychology and cognitive science. 57. What is the function of the spinal cord? 58. Describe the functions of the four lobes of the brain. 59. Describe the specializations of each hemisphere of the brain. 60. Differentiate between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia. 61. Artificial intelligence researchers have created a program that matches human intelligence. A) True B) False 62. Only in the last 150 years has human cognition been a subject of scientific inquiry. A) True B) False 63. Gestalt psychologists believe that the activity of the mind is more than the sum of its parts. A) True B) False 64. Cognitive science is the study of how cognition is realized in the brain. A) True B) False 65. Information-processing analysis breaks a cognitive task down into a set of steps. A) True B) False 66. When one refers to the nervous system, one is only referring to the brain. A) True B) False 67. From an information-processing point of view, the MOST important components of the nervous system are the neurons. A) True B) False 68. All neurons look alike and behave in the same manner. A) True B) False 69. An axon can vary in length from a few millimeters to a meter. A) True B) False 70. The terminal buttons of one neuron touch the dendrite of another. A) True B) False 71. There is a great deal of growth of new neurons and new synapses in the adult brain. A) True B) False 72. The cerebral cortex is the MOST recently evolved portion of the brain. A) True B) False 73. Herbert Simon, who has won the Nobel Prize for his work in economics, has spent the last 40 years studying this phenomenon in cognitive psychology. A) complex problem solving B) attentional mechanisms C) decision making D) memory encoding 74. Kahneman, a cognitive psychologist with expertise in decision making, received the Nobel Prize in 2002 for his contributions to which of the following topics? A) behavioral economics B) athletic performance C) high-risk behavior D) frontal lobe function 75. A centuries-old debate has raged among those who believe that all knowledge comes from experience and those who hold that we are born with innate knowledge. The former position is known as _____, while the latter position is referred to as _____. A) rationalism; positivism B) empiricism; nativism C) dualism; interactionism D) behaviorism; epiphenomenalism 76. From the perspective of cognitive psychology, the MOST lasting contribution of behaviorism is: A) the initiation of the use of the animal model in psychology. B) the development of clinical applications of both Pavlov and Skinner's work. C) a set of sophisticated and rigorous techniques and principles for experimental study in all fields of psychology. D) the adherence to the notion that internal processes are not measurable and thus should not be studied. 77. Which of the following is NOT true of Sternberg's information-processing account of his digit-probe paradigm? A) The processing of information has a highly symbolic character. B) The critical dependent variable is participants' reaction time. C) The computer metaphor is important to properly understand human information processing. D) Information processing should be conceptualized with reference to brain location and processes. 78. In the nervous system, synapses that cause depolarization, causing the potential differences between the internal and external portions of the membrane to become smaller, are referred to as _____, while synapses that cause hyperpolarization, causing the potential differences to become larger, are referred to as _____. A) excitatory; inhibitory B) g-protein synapses; salutatory synapses C) dendritic; axonal D) glial; reuptake 79. Which individual identified 52 separate regions of the cerebral cortex according to differences in cell types found in each region? A) Hubel B) Brodmann C) Olds D) Sherrington 80. The _____ area of the cerebral cortex is thought to control higher-level processes such as planning. A) Broca's B) fusiform face C) primary auditory D) prefrontal 81. Which of the following brain structures is NOT part of the basal ganglia? A) the putamen B) the caudate nucleus C) the thalamus D) the globus pallidus 82. Areas of the brain responsible for receiving sensory information are organized in such a way that more sensitive areas (that is, the fovea in the retina, the hands or mouth in the body) are represented to a much greater extent than less sensitive areas and thus occupy more space in these cortical sensory areas. This type of organization is known as _____ organization. A) spatially sensitive B) geometric C) topographic D) nonspecific 83. The cortical minicolumns found in the primary visual area of the brain demonstrate particularly well which principle of neural organization? A) the presence of dominance columns B) the comparative lack of glia in the cortex C) the highly specialized function of some adjacent neurons D) the existence of structures without specific purpose 84. The results from Posner, Peterson, Fox, and Raichle's (1988) PET study of reading revealed which finding? A) Reading is a right-hemisphere phenomenon. B) There are different neural pathways for the transmission of auditory and visual language. C) Dyslexia is actually a collection of different reading disorders. D) Different brain regions are involved in passive reading tasks versus wordgeneration tasks. 85. This technique employed in cognitive neuroscience involves the use of a small magnetic field applied briefly to a part of an individual's head in order to disrupt functioning in a particular part of the brain. A) fMRI B) TMS C) PET D) EEG 86. Measurements of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response are critical to which neuroscience technique? A) fMRI B) single-cell recording C) PET D) event-related potentials Chapter 21Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. C