COMPUTERSYSTE
MEN
P1 + 2
KDG | 2022-23
,Inhoudsopgave
1.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.1 Wat is een besturingssysteem? ................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 herhaling computersystemen 1 ................................................................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Grootheden ................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2.2 Harvard architectuur ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.3 Von Neumann architectuur ....................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.4 RAM geheugen .......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.5 Registers .................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.5.1 Voorbeeld Intel 8086 ......................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Booting ................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.3.1 Voorbeeld x86 .......................................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.2 BIOS HAL .................................................................................................................................................. 11
1.3.3 Laden van OS ........................................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.4 MBR lab ................................................................................................................................................... 13
1.3.5 UEFI.......................................................................................................................................................... 14
1.3.6 Booting lab............................................................................................................................................... 15
1.4 I/O output ............................................................................................................................................... 15
1.4.1 Het beeldscherm ...................................................................................................................................... 15
1.4.2 Het scherm ............................................................................................................................................... 15
1.5 Voorbeelden van examenvragen ............................................................................................................. 19
2.1 I/O beheer .............................................................................................................................................. 20
2.1.1 Input en output ........................................................................................................................................ 20
2.1.1.1 Toetsenbord..................................................................................................................................... 20
2.1.1.2 HDD .................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.1.1.3 DMA ................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.1.2 HDD vs SSD .............................................................................................................................................. 24
2.1.2.1 HDD .................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.1.2.2 SSD ................................................................................................................................................... 25
2.1.3 RAID ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.1.3.1 RAID-0 (striping) ............................................................................................................................... 27
2.1.3.2 RAID-1 (mirroring)............................................................................................................................ 28
2.1.3.3 RAID-3 .............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.1.3.4 RAID-5 .............................................................................................................................................. 29
2.1.3.5 RAID-6 .............................................................................................................................................. 30
1
, 2.1.3.6 Nested/Hybrid RAID ......................................................................................................................... 30
2.1.3.7 Cashing ............................................................................................................................................. 30
2.1.3.8 Geen vervanging voor back-up ........................................................................................................ 31
2.1.3.9 Commands ....................................................................................................................................... 31
2.1.4 Logical volume management................................................................................................................... 32
2.2 Bestandsbeheer ...................................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.1.1 File management ............................................................................................................................. 32
2.2.1.2 Bestandsattributen .......................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.1.3 Taken ............................................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.1.4 Interne fragmentatie ....................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.1.5 Externe fragmentatie ....................................................................................................................... 34
2.2.1.6 De allocation table ........................................................................................................................... 34
2.2.2 FAT ........................................................................................................................................................... 35
2.2.2.1 FAT 12, 16, 32 ........................................................................................................................... 35
2.2.2.2 FAT ............................................................................................................................................ 36
2.2.3 Unix file system ........................................................................................................................................ 37
2.2.3.1 Unix inodes ...................................................................................................................................... 37
2.2.3.2 I-nodes ............................................................................................................................................. 39
2.2.3.3 Blokgrootte filesysteem ................................................................................................................... 39
2.2.4 ZFS & Btrfs ............................................................................................................................................... 40
2.3 Voorbeeld examenvragen ....................................................................................................................... 40
3.1 Procesbeheer/geheugenbeheer .............................................................................................................. 42
3.1.1 Laden van OS ........................................................................................................................................... 42
3.1.2 Laden van processen ................................................................................................................................ 43
3.1.2.1 Programma’s laden .......................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.2.2 Processen laden ............................................................................................................................... 44
3.1.2.3 Een Proces linken ............................................................................................................................. 45
3.1.2.4 Compile lab ...................................................................................................................................... 48
3.2 Geheugenbeheer .................................................................................................................................... 49
3.2.1 Partitioning .............................................................................................................................................. 50
3.2.1.1 Vaste partities .................................................................................................................................. 51
3.2.1.2 Dynamische partitionering .............................................................................................................. 52
3.2.2 Segmenting .............................................................................................................................................. 55
3.2.3 Paging ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
3.2.4 Virtueel geheugen.................................................................................................................................... 62
3.3 Voorbeeld examenvragen ....................................................................................................................... 64
4.1 Wat is een proces? .................................................................................................................................. 65
2
, 4.2 Toestanden van een proces ..................................................................................................................... 67
4.3 Scheduling in de praktijk ......................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.1 Idle time ................................................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.2 Context switch ......................................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.3 Nieuw proces starten in Unix ................................................................................................................... 71
4.3.4 Nieuw proces starten in shell-scripts ....................................................................................................... 73
4.3 Scheduling strategieën ............................................................................................................................ 73
4.3.1 First come first served (FCFS) ................................................................................................................... 73
4.3.2 Shortest process next (SPN) ..................................................................................................................... 74
4.3.3 Shortest remaining time (SRT) ................................................................................................................. 74
4.3.4 Highest response ratio next (HRRN) ........................................................................................................ 74
4.3.5 Round Robin (RR) ..................................................................................................................................... 75
4.3.6 Ubuntu time-slice..................................................................................................................................... 75
4.3.7 Scheduling in Linux .................................................................................................................................. 76
4.4 Voorbeelden examenvragen ................................................................................................................... 77
5.1 Interprocess communication (IPC) ........................................................................................................... 78
5.1.1 Unix en Windows pipes ............................................................................................................................ 78
5.1.2 Unix berichten .......................................................................................................................................... 79
5.1.3 Linux IPC................................................................................................................................................... 79
5.1.4 Unix shared memory ................................................................................................................................ 80
5.2 Threads ................................................................................................................................................... 81
5.2.1 Implementatie ......................................................................................................................................... 82
5.2.2 Threads in Linux ....................................................................................................................................... 84
5.3 Multi-processor....................................................................................................................................... 85
5.4 Gelijktijdigheid ........................................................................................................................................ 87
5.5 Dead-lock ................................................................................................................................................ 89
5.6 Voorbeeld examenvragen ....................................................................................................................... 91
6.1 User Interfaces ........................................................................................................................................ 91
6.1.1 Terminal services ..................................................................................................................................... 91
6.1.2 Windowing systems ................................................................................................................................. 92
6.1.2.1 X Window system ............................................................................................................................ 92
3
MEN
P1 + 2
KDG | 2022-23
,Inhoudsopgave
1.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.1 Wat is een besturingssysteem? ................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 herhaling computersystemen 1 ................................................................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Grootheden ................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2.2 Harvard architectuur ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.3 Von Neumann architectuur ....................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.4 RAM geheugen .......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.5 Registers .................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.5.1 Voorbeeld Intel 8086 ......................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Booting ................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.3.1 Voorbeeld x86 .......................................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.2 BIOS HAL .................................................................................................................................................. 11
1.3.3 Laden van OS ........................................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.4 MBR lab ................................................................................................................................................... 13
1.3.5 UEFI.......................................................................................................................................................... 14
1.3.6 Booting lab............................................................................................................................................... 15
1.4 I/O output ............................................................................................................................................... 15
1.4.1 Het beeldscherm ...................................................................................................................................... 15
1.4.2 Het scherm ............................................................................................................................................... 15
1.5 Voorbeelden van examenvragen ............................................................................................................. 19
2.1 I/O beheer .............................................................................................................................................. 20
2.1.1 Input en output ........................................................................................................................................ 20
2.1.1.1 Toetsenbord..................................................................................................................................... 20
2.1.1.2 HDD .................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.1.1.3 DMA ................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.1.2 HDD vs SSD .............................................................................................................................................. 24
2.1.2.1 HDD .................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.1.2.2 SSD ................................................................................................................................................... 25
2.1.3 RAID ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.1.3.1 RAID-0 (striping) ............................................................................................................................... 27
2.1.3.2 RAID-1 (mirroring)............................................................................................................................ 28
2.1.3.3 RAID-3 .............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.1.3.4 RAID-5 .............................................................................................................................................. 29
2.1.3.5 RAID-6 .............................................................................................................................................. 30
1
, 2.1.3.6 Nested/Hybrid RAID ......................................................................................................................... 30
2.1.3.7 Cashing ............................................................................................................................................. 30
2.1.3.8 Geen vervanging voor back-up ........................................................................................................ 31
2.1.3.9 Commands ....................................................................................................................................... 31
2.1.4 Logical volume management................................................................................................................... 32
2.2 Bestandsbeheer ...................................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.1.1 File management ............................................................................................................................. 32
2.2.1.2 Bestandsattributen .......................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.1.3 Taken ............................................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.1.4 Interne fragmentatie ....................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.1.5 Externe fragmentatie ....................................................................................................................... 34
2.2.1.6 De allocation table ........................................................................................................................... 34
2.2.2 FAT ........................................................................................................................................................... 35
2.2.2.1 FAT 12, 16, 32 ........................................................................................................................... 35
2.2.2.2 FAT ............................................................................................................................................ 36
2.2.3 Unix file system ........................................................................................................................................ 37
2.2.3.1 Unix inodes ...................................................................................................................................... 37
2.2.3.2 I-nodes ............................................................................................................................................. 39
2.2.3.3 Blokgrootte filesysteem ................................................................................................................... 39
2.2.4 ZFS & Btrfs ............................................................................................................................................... 40
2.3 Voorbeeld examenvragen ....................................................................................................................... 40
3.1 Procesbeheer/geheugenbeheer .............................................................................................................. 42
3.1.1 Laden van OS ........................................................................................................................................... 42
3.1.2 Laden van processen ................................................................................................................................ 43
3.1.2.1 Programma’s laden .......................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.2.2 Processen laden ............................................................................................................................... 44
3.1.2.3 Een Proces linken ............................................................................................................................. 45
3.1.2.4 Compile lab ...................................................................................................................................... 48
3.2 Geheugenbeheer .................................................................................................................................... 49
3.2.1 Partitioning .............................................................................................................................................. 50
3.2.1.1 Vaste partities .................................................................................................................................. 51
3.2.1.2 Dynamische partitionering .............................................................................................................. 52
3.2.2 Segmenting .............................................................................................................................................. 55
3.2.3 Paging ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
3.2.4 Virtueel geheugen.................................................................................................................................... 62
3.3 Voorbeeld examenvragen ....................................................................................................................... 64
4.1 Wat is een proces? .................................................................................................................................. 65
2
, 4.2 Toestanden van een proces ..................................................................................................................... 67
4.3 Scheduling in de praktijk ......................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.1 Idle time ................................................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.2 Context switch ......................................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.3 Nieuw proces starten in Unix ................................................................................................................... 71
4.3.4 Nieuw proces starten in shell-scripts ....................................................................................................... 73
4.3 Scheduling strategieën ............................................................................................................................ 73
4.3.1 First come first served (FCFS) ................................................................................................................... 73
4.3.2 Shortest process next (SPN) ..................................................................................................................... 74
4.3.3 Shortest remaining time (SRT) ................................................................................................................. 74
4.3.4 Highest response ratio next (HRRN) ........................................................................................................ 74
4.3.5 Round Robin (RR) ..................................................................................................................................... 75
4.3.6 Ubuntu time-slice..................................................................................................................................... 75
4.3.7 Scheduling in Linux .................................................................................................................................. 76
4.4 Voorbeelden examenvragen ................................................................................................................... 77
5.1 Interprocess communication (IPC) ........................................................................................................... 78
5.1.1 Unix en Windows pipes ............................................................................................................................ 78
5.1.2 Unix berichten .......................................................................................................................................... 79
5.1.3 Linux IPC................................................................................................................................................... 79
5.1.4 Unix shared memory ................................................................................................................................ 80
5.2 Threads ................................................................................................................................................... 81
5.2.1 Implementatie ......................................................................................................................................... 82
5.2.2 Threads in Linux ....................................................................................................................................... 84
5.3 Multi-processor....................................................................................................................................... 85
5.4 Gelijktijdigheid ........................................................................................................................................ 87
5.5 Dead-lock ................................................................................................................................................ 89
5.6 Voorbeeld examenvragen ....................................................................................................................... 91
6.1 User Interfaces ........................................................................................................................................ 91
6.1.1 Terminal services ..................................................................................................................................... 91
6.1.2 Windowing systems ................................................................................................................................. 92
6.1.2.1 X Window system ............................................................................................................................ 92
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