Aspen University (Nursing Test)correctly answered 2023

Aspen University (Nursing Test)correctly answered 2023King Theory of Goal Attainment -Nursing assist individuals to attain, maintain, or restore their health -Nurse and client engage in interactions of verbal and nonverbal communication where information is exchanged and interpreted -Transactions leads to values, needs, and wants are shared -Interactive process between clients and nursing is essential -Nurse and client communicate and set mutual goals, and attain those goals Neuman Systems Model -Uses person, environment, health, & nursing -Nursing keeps client systems stable thru assessing environmental factors (internal/external) to make adjustments to obtain highest degree of wellness -Nursing involves: primary, secondary, & Tertiary prevention -Primary prevention: preventing & reducing chance of stressors or resultant illness -Secondary prevention: symptoms are present & treatment is being provided to decrease the effects of stress -Tertiary prevention: Adjustment following illness is supported & maintained client system to stability Nightingale's Theory of Environment -Environment factors can affect health -Clean environment is beneficial to preventing disease -Manipulation of the environment enhance patient recovery -Elimination of contamination by exposing to fresh air, light, warmth, quiet -Observation is used to guide & measure improvements of lack of response to nursing interventions Orem's Self-Care Model -Self-care: what ppl can plan & do for own behalf to maintain life -Self-care Agency: Person's acquired ability to engage in self care, which can be affected by basic conditions -Therapeutic Self-care demand: Needs at various times in a person's life when healthcare is required to meet self need -Self care deficit: Incapable of providing continuously effective self care and nursing care is required "If there is a deficit between what the individual can do and what they need to be done to maintain optimum functioning then nursing is required" Orem's Self-Care Model 3 systems -Wholly compensatory: patient actions are limited; nurse does most of work -Partially compensatory: patient and nurse work together to meet self requirements -Supportive Educative system: patient provides care and nurse and patient work together to regulate self care agency Parse's Human Becoming Theory -Humans are viewed as experts on own health & life experiences 3 main themes:Meaning, Rhythmicity, Transcendence -Meaning: Concept of imaging, valuing, language -Rhythmicity: Revealing-concealing, enabling-limiting, connecting-separating -Transcendence: Powering, originating, & transforming *The model does not seek to "FIX Problems". The model gives nurses an ability to see from patient's perspective -Theory allows the nurse to be with the patient & guide him/her towards health Kolcaba's Theory of Comfort -Intentional assessment of comfort needs, design of comfort measures to address those needs, & reassessment of comfort levels (Types of Comfort) -Relief: State of a patient with specific needs -Ease: State of overall calm & contentment -Transcendence: State which a person rises above problems and pain -Nursing is the process of assessing the patient;s comfort needs, developing and implementing appropriate nursing care plan Breast cancer screening 40-44 years (suggested) >45 years (required yearly; unless sick) Colon cancer screening (Test can be stool sensitivity or rectal exam) Start at 45 years - 75 years 76 years - 85 years; talk with physician to see if colon screening is needed >85 years; stop screening * all abnormal results require colonoscopy Cervical cancer screening < 21 years : Should not be tested 21 yrs- 29 yrs: Pap smear test q 3yrs (No HPV test) 30yrs-65yrs: Pap smear q3yrs/ Pap smear q5yrs with HPV testing >65 yrs: After 10yrs negative pap smear (Once stop can't start again) *Hx Cervical pre-cancer: continue for 20yrs *Total Hysterectomy: No pap smear needed *Women with HPV vaccine continue screening Endometrial Cancer Screening -at menopause, do endometrial biopsy -Monitor for symptoms: Aware of unexpected vaginal bleeding and spotting -If strong Hx of cancer: may need yearly endometrial biopsy Lung cancer screening one time CT scan at age 55yrs -75years if 30 year smoking hx Watson: Theory of Human Caring Proposed that most human learning and behavior was controlled by experience (not genetically pre-determined). Believed the only behaviors that should be studied are the "observable" ones. -Nursing is concerned with promoting health and preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health -Nursing practice holistic health care Peplau Theory of Interpersonal Relationships Four phases: -Orientation: (Defines the problem) Patient seeks assistance from professional -Identification: (Selection of the appropriate assistance by professional) Patient feels as if they belong and capable of dealing with problem -Exploitation:(Use of professional assistance for problem-solving alternatives) Patient feels like an integral part of the helping environment and nurses implement nursing plan -Resolution: (Termination of the professional relationship) Patient severs relationship with nurse Main Roles: Stranger> Teacher> Resource person> Counselor> Surrogate> Leader Benner Theory Novice>Experts -Nurses develop skills and understanding of patient over time from strong educational foundation and personal experiences -5 Levels of experiences: Novice>Advance Beginner>Competent>Proficient> Expert Novice> Limited and inflexible in performance Advance Beginner> Gained prior experience in actual nursing situations Competent> 2-3 yrs of experience on job Proficient> more holistic understanding of nursing Expert> No longer rely on principles, rules, or guidance to connect situations and determine actions Paterson and Zderad's Humanistic Theory -Preparation of the Nurse knower: Nurse acts as investigator taking risks and has open mind -Nurse Knowing of other Intuitively: Nurse tries to understand the other by not superimposing themselves on patient -Nurse Knowing of other Scientifically: Nurse is observe and analyzer -Nurse complementary synthesizing: Nurse sees themselves as source of knowledge -Succession within the nurse from many paradox : Nurse takes the information and applies it in practical clinical setting Institute of Medicine (IOM)-Patient Centered Care Recognize the patient as the source of control & full partner in providing compassionate & coordinated care based on respect for patient's preference, value, and needs Institute of Medicine (IOM)- Teamwork & Collaboration Function effectively within nursing & inter-professional teams, fostering open communication, respect, & shared decision making to achieve quality patient care Institute of Medicine (IOM)- Evidence Based Practice Integrate best current evidence with clinical expertise & patient preference & values for delivery of optimal health care Institute of Medicine (IOM)-Quality Improvement Use data to monitor the outcome of care processes & use improvement methods to design & test changes to continuously improve the quality and safety of health care system Institute of Medicine (IOM)- Safety Minimize risk of harm to patients & providers thru both system effectiveness & individual performance Institute of Medicine (IOM)-Informatics Use information & technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate error, & support decision making Quality Improvement (QI) External Support -Data feedback and bench marking: Provide practice with information on their performance -Practice Facilitation or Coaching: External organization helps practices develop skills and organize their approach to QI -Expert Consultation: Provides practice with specific EBP from outside staff -Shared learning/ Collaborating: sharing of challenges, lessons learned, and best practices