Health Psychology deel II
,Inhoud
HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION.....................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................4
HIERARCHY OF HOMEOSTATIC CONTROLS..........................................................................................................................4
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG/EKG).................................................................................................................................5
HEART RATE VARIABILITY (HRV).....................................................................................................................................6
HRV AND MENTAL DISORDERS........................................................................................................................................6
HRV BIOFEEDBACK TRAINING.........................................................................................................................................7
CENTRAL INTEGRATION OF THE STRESS RESPONSE....................................................................................................9
APPRAISAL MODEL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS....................................................................................................................9
EXCURSUS NEUROSCIENCE....................................................................................................................................................10
BRAIN STRUCTURES UNDERLYING APPRAISALS...................................................................................................................11
CORTICAL INHIBITION OF STRESS RESPONSES BY REAPPRAISAL...............................................................................................13
STRESS (ESPECIALLY CHRONIC) CAN CHANGE BRAIN SYSTEMS................................................................................................14
ENDOCRINE STRESS RESPONSE................................................................................................................................15
INTRODUCTION: STRESS & THE BODY..............................................................................................................................15
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS: DIFFERENT/YET INTEGRATED............................................................................................................15
SAMENVATTING..................................................................................................................................................................16
CRF SYSTEM.............................................................................................................................................................16
CENTRAL FEEDBACK OF CORTISOL...................................................................................................................................17
CHRONIC STRESS & HPA ACTIVATION.............................................................................................................................17
CENTRAL EFFECTS OF CORTISOL......................................................................................................................................18
MEMORY..........................................................................................................................................................................19
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................................19
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY.................................................................................................................................20
OVERVIEW IMMUNE SYSTEM........................................................................................................................................20
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY.......................................................................................................................................21
STRESS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.................................................................................................................................22
IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE.........................................................................................................................23
CONDITIONING OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.........................................................................................................................24
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS...............................................................................................................................................24
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS IN ASTHMA.................................................................................................................25
INTRODUCTION ASTHMA: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND FACTS....................................................................................................25
PSYCHOLOGICAL BURDEN IN ASTHMA..............................................................................................................................26
ACUTE EMOTIONS/STRESS IN SELF-REPORTS, LAB STUDIES, FIELD STUDIES................................................................................26
CHRONIC EMOTIONS/STRESS IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL STUDIES.............................................................................................27
SOCIAL ASPECTS.........................................................................................................................................................28
1
,NEURAL ASPECTS.......................................................................................................................................................28
CURRENT VIEWS........................................................................................................................................................29
EMOTIONAL AND COGNITIVE MODULATION OF PAIN PERCEPTION.........................................................................30
WHAT IS PAIN?.........................................................................................................................................................30
MEASURING PAIN...............................................................................................................................................................30
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF PAIN..............................................................................................................................31
EMOTIONAL MODULATION OF PAIN................................................................................................................................31
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EMOTIONS...........................................................................................................................................31
FEAR AND ANXIETY..............................................................................................................................................................31
FACES OF PAIN...................................................................................................................................................................32
SOCIAL INFLUENCES....................................................................................................................................................32
COGNITIVE MODULATION OF PAIN..................................................................................................................................33
SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................................33
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS IN COPD......................................................................................................................34
INTRODUCTION COPD: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND FACTS......................................................................................................34
PSYCHOLOGICAL BURDEN IN COPD................................................................................................................................35
EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE EMOTIONS IN COPD.....................................................................................................................35
SOCIAL ASPECTS.........................................................................................................................................................36
POTENTIAL CAUSE-RELATIONSHIPS..................................................................................................................................36
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY............................................................................................................................................38
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (SELIGMAN)...............................................................................................................................38
POSITIVE EMOTIONS – EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE (FREDRICKSON)......................................................................................39
BROADEN-AND-BUILD THEORY..............................................................................................................................................39
HAPPINESS RESEARCH (LYUBOMIRSKY)............................................................................................................................40
POSITIVE AFFECTIVITY & HEALTH...................................................................................................................................40
MEASUREMENT CONSIDERATIONS..........................................................................................................................................40
EVIDENCE FOR PA & HEALTH................................................................................................................................................41
MODELS OF PA & HEALTH...................................................................................................................................................42
POSITIVE INTERVENTIONS.............................................................................................................................................43
DO THEY WORK?................................................................................................................................................................43
ROLE OF THE (MICROBIOTA-)GUT-BRAIN AXIS IN FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL, FOOD INTAKE AND AFFECTIVE
DISORDERS..............................................................................................................................................................45
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS............................................................................................................45
FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS (FGID)..........................................................................................................47
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS).......................................................................................................................................48
FUNCTIONAL DYSPEPSIA (FD):...............................................................................................................................................48
STRESSORS & ADVERSE LIFE EVENTS.......................................................................................................................................48
COGNITIONS & EMOTIONS...................................................................................................................................................49
ROLE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS).......................................................................................................................49
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL....................................................................................................................................................49
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (STUDY OF SICK ORGANS)..........................................................................................................................49
2
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IN FGID..................................................................................................................50
LET’S ZOOM IN ON DIFFERENT PARTS OF THIS MODEL ................................................................................................................51
IMPACT OF GUT-BRAIN SIGNALS ON PSYCHOLOGICAL & BRAIN FUNCTION................................................................................53
FOOD & EMOTION..............................................................................................................................................................53
MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS..............................................................................................................................................54
BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DYSPNEA.............................................................................................................55
WHY CARE ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS WHEN TALKING ABOUT DYSPNEA AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES?...................56
HOW DO PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS IMPACT THE PERCEPTION OF DYSPNEA?.............................................................................56
NEGATIVE AFFECT...............................................................................................................................................................57
LEARNING......................................................................................................................................................................... 57
CONTEXT..........................................................................................................................................................................57
SOCIAL ASPECTS.................................................................................................................................................................57
ATTENTION........................................................................................................................................................................ 57
DO PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS IMPACT THE NEURAL PROCESSING OF BREATHLESSNESS?................................................................58
RREP & SENSORY GATING..................................................................................................................................................58
FUNCTIONAL MRI..............................................................................................................................................................58
STRUCTURAL MRI..............................................................................................................................................................58
DO PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE SHOW ALTERED NEURAL PROCESSING OF PERCEIVED DYSPNEA?......................................59
Homeostatic regulation
3
,Inhoud
HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION.....................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................4
HIERARCHY OF HOMEOSTATIC CONTROLS..........................................................................................................................4
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG/EKG).................................................................................................................................5
HEART RATE VARIABILITY (HRV).....................................................................................................................................6
HRV AND MENTAL DISORDERS........................................................................................................................................6
HRV BIOFEEDBACK TRAINING.........................................................................................................................................7
CENTRAL INTEGRATION OF THE STRESS RESPONSE....................................................................................................9
APPRAISAL MODEL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS....................................................................................................................9
EXCURSUS NEUROSCIENCE....................................................................................................................................................10
BRAIN STRUCTURES UNDERLYING APPRAISALS...................................................................................................................11
CORTICAL INHIBITION OF STRESS RESPONSES BY REAPPRAISAL...............................................................................................13
STRESS (ESPECIALLY CHRONIC) CAN CHANGE BRAIN SYSTEMS................................................................................................14
ENDOCRINE STRESS RESPONSE................................................................................................................................15
INTRODUCTION: STRESS & THE BODY..............................................................................................................................15
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS: DIFFERENT/YET INTEGRATED............................................................................................................15
SAMENVATTING..................................................................................................................................................................16
CRF SYSTEM.............................................................................................................................................................16
CENTRAL FEEDBACK OF CORTISOL...................................................................................................................................17
CHRONIC STRESS & HPA ACTIVATION.............................................................................................................................17
CENTRAL EFFECTS OF CORTISOL......................................................................................................................................18
MEMORY..........................................................................................................................................................................19
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................................19
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY.................................................................................................................................20
OVERVIEW IMMUNE SYSTEM........................................................................................................................................20
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY.......................................................................................................................................21
STRESS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.................................................................................................................................22
IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE.........................................................................................................................23
CONDITIONING OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.........................................................................................................................24
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS...............................................................................................................................................24
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS IN ASTHMA.................................................................................................................25
INTRODUCTION ASTHMA: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND FACTS....................................................................................................25
PSYCHOLOGICAL BURDEN IN ASTHMA..............................................................................................................................26
ACUTE EMOTIONS/STRESS IN SELF-REPORTS, LAB STUDIES, FIELD STUDIES................................................................................26
CHRONIC EMOTIONS/STRESS IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL STUDIES.............................................................................................27
SOCIAL ASPECTS.........................................................................................................................................................28
1
,NEURAL ASPECTS.......................................................................................................................................................28
CURRENT VIEWS........................................................................................................................................................29
EMOTIONAL AND COGNITIVE MODULATION OF PAIN PERCEPTION.........................................................................30
WHAT IS PAIN?.........................................................................................................................................................30
MEASURING PAIN...............................................................................................................................................................30
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF PAIN..............................................................................................................................31
EMOTIONAL MODULATION OF PAIN................................................................................................................................31
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EMOTIONS...........................................................................................................................................31
FEAR AND ANXIETY..............................................................................................................................................................31
FACES OF PAIN...................................................................................................................................................................32
SOCIAL INFLUENCES....................................................................................................................................................32
COGNITIVE MODULATION OF PAIN..................................................................................................................................33
SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................................33
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS IN COPD......................................................................................................................34
INTRODUCTION COPD: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND FACTS......................................................................................................34
PSYCHOLOGICAL BURDEN IN COPD................................................................................................................................35
EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE EMOTIONS IN COPD.....................................................................................................................35
SOCIAL ASPECTS.........................................................................................................................................................36
POTENTIAL CAUSE-RELATIONSHIPS..................................................................................................................................36
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY............................................................................................................................................38
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (SELIGMAN)...............................................................................................................................38
POSITIVE EMOTIONS – EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE (FREDRICKSON)......................................................................................39
BROADEN-AND-BUILD THEORY..............................................................................................................................................39
HAPPINESS RESEARCH (LYUBOMIRSKY)............................................................................................................................40
POSITIVE AFFECTIVITY & HEALTH...................................................................................................................................40
MEASUREMENT CONSIDERATIONS..........................................................................................................................................40
EVIDENCE FOR PA & HEALTH................................................................................................................................................41
MODELS OF PA & HEALTH...................................................................................................................................................42
POSITIVE INTERVENTIONS.............................................................................................................................................43
DO THEY WORK?................................................................................................................................................................43
ROLE OF THE (MICROBIOTA-)GUT-BRAIN AXIS IN FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL, FOOD INTAKE AND AFFECTIVE
DISORDERS..............................................................................................................................................................45
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS............................................................................................................45
FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS (FGID)..........................................................................................................47
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS).......................................................................................................................................48
FUNCTIONAL DYSPEPSIA (FD):...............................................................................................................................................48
STRESSORS & ADVERSE LIFE EVENTS.......................................................................................................................................48
COGNITIONS & EMOTIONS...................................................................................................................................................49
ROLE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS).......................................................................................................................49
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL....................................................................................................................................................49
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (STUDY OF SICK ORGANS)..........................................................................................................................49
2
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IN FGID..................................................................................................................50
LET’S ZOOM IN ON DIFFERENT PARTS OF THIS MODEL ................................................................................................................51
IMPACT OF GUT-BRAIN SIGNALS ON PSYCHOLOGICAL & BRAIN FUNCTION................................................................................53
FOOD & EMOTION..............................................................................................................................................................53
MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS..............................................................................................................................................54
BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DYSPNEA.............................................................................................................55
WHY CARE ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS WHEN TALKING ABOUT DYSPNEA AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES?...................56
HOW DO PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS IMPACT THE PERCEPTION OF DYSPNEA?.............................................................................56
NEGATIVE AFFECT...............................................................................................................................................................57
LEARNING......................................................................................................................................................................... 57
CONTEXT..........................................................................................................................................................................57
SOCIAL ASPECTS.................................................................................................................................................................57
ATTENTION........................................................................................................................................................................ 57
DO PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS IMPACT THE NEURAL PROCESSING OF BREATHLESSNESS?................................................................58
RREP & SENSORY GATING..................................................................................................................................................58
FUNCTIONAL MRI..............................................................................................................................................................58
STRUCTURAL MRI..............................................................................................................................................................58
DO PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE SHOW ALTERED NEURAL PROCESSING OF PERCEIVED DYSPNEA?......................................59
Homeostatic regulation
3
