NR507 Week 7 Quiz Study Guide With Complete Solutions!!

What type of fracture is prevalent in osteoporosis? Vertebral compression fractures What is a screening test for osteoporosis? Bone density test Transchondral fractures a fracture of the articular surface of a bone, produced by a force transmitted from the articular surface of a contiguous bone across the joint and through the articular cartilage to the subchondral trabeculae of the fractured bone Gout: the main cause of pain The formation of urticaria acid crystals in the joints Pathological features of degenerative joint disease Nonneoplastic disorder of progressive erosion of articular cartilage associated with aging, trauma, occupational injury Osteomalacia softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium Epicondylopathy a pain syndrome of the lateral and medial segments of the elbow joint, is one of the more prominent joint pain syndromes. The occurrence of pain in the periarticular tissues, often referred to as periarthritis, is a frequent cause of major limitations on the patient's limb mobility. Usually caused by overuse. Hip fractures secondary to osteomyelitis Infection of the bone can lead to loss of blood supply to the bone, which will lead to eventual bone death. Diagnosing rhabdomyolysis Creatine kinase, which is an enzyme found in the skeletal muscles, the brain, and the heart Myoglobin in blood and urine, which is a protein that's a byproduct of muscle breakdown Potassium, which is another important mineral that may leak from injured bone and muscles Creatinine in blood and urine, which is a breakdown product created by muscle that's normally removed from the body by the kidneys Reflux esophagitis Reflux esophagitis is usually due to a condition known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD occurs when stomach contents like acids, frequently back up into the esophagus. Characteristics of gastric ulcers Pain areas: in the chest or upper abdomen Pain types: can be dull Gastrointestinal: heartburn, indigestion, nausea, passing excessive amounts of gas, or vomiting Also common: abdominal discomfort or fatigue Causes of elevated liver function tests Over-the-counter pain medications, particularly acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) Certain prescription medications, including statin drugs used to control cholesterol Drinking alcohol Heart failure Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Obesity Alcoholic hepatitis (severe liver inflammation caused by excessive alcohol consumption) Autoimmune hepatitis (liver inflammation caused by an autoimmune disorder) Celiac disease (small intestine damage caused by gluten) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection Epstein-Barr virus Hemochromatosis (too much iron stored in your body) Liver cancer Mononucleosis Polymyositis (inflammatory disease that causes muscle weakness) Sepsis (an overwhelming bloodstream infection that uses up neutrophils faster than they can be produced) Thyroid disorders Toxic hepatitis (liver inflammation caused by drugs or toxins) Wilson's disease (too much copper stored in your body) Bulimia nervosa an emotional disorder involving distortion of body image and an obsessive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depression and self-induced vomiting, purging, or fasting Anorexia nervosa An eating disorder causing people to obsess about weight and what they eat Interpretation of Hepatitis B vaccine serological markers Different serologic "markers" or combinations of markers are used to identify different phases of HBV infection and to determine whether a patient has acute or chronic HBV infection, is immune to HBV as a result of prior infection or vaccination, or is susceptible to infection. HBsAg: Negative anti-HBc: Negative anti-HBs: Negative Susceptible HBsAg: Negative anti-HBc: Positive anti-HBs: Positive Immune due to natural infection HBsAg: Negative anti-HBc: Negative anti-HBs: Positive Immune due to hepatitis B vaccination HBsAg: Positive anti-HBc: Positive IgM anti-HBc: Positive anti-HBs: Negative Acutely infected HBsAg: Positive anti-HBc: Positive IgM anti-HBc: Negative anti-HBs: Negative Chronically infected HBsAg: Negative anti-HBc: Positive anti-HBs: Negative Interpretation unclear; four possibilities: 1. Resolved infection (most common) 2. False-positive anti-HBc, thus susceptible 3. "Low level" chronic infection 4. Resolving acute infection Pathophysiology of Type 1 diabetes a chronic illness characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin due to the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas Classic signs of diabetes mellitus and their causes Frequent urination Excessive thirst Unexplained weight loss Extreme hunger Sudden vision changes Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet Feeling very tired much of the time Very dry skin Sores that are slow to heal More infections than usual Kidney function in the patient with diabetes insipidus DI occurs when the kidneys do not respond normally to vasopressin and continue to remove too much fluid from a person's bloodstream. Increased urine output leads to patient feeling like they need to drink more liquids. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus Cardiovascular disease Nerve damage Kidney damage Eye damage Foot damage Skin conditions Hearing impairment Alzheimer's disease Depression Signs common to both type 1 and type 2 diabetes Excessive thirst, increased urination, increased infections, fatigue, weight loss, and blurred vision Spiral fracture Fracture that curves around cortices and may become displaced by twist. Cause: direct or indirect twisting energy or force with distal part held or unable to move. Oblique fracture Fracture at oblique angle across both cortices. Cause: direct or indirect energy, with angulation and some compression. Segmented fracture Fracture with two or more pieces or segments. Cause: direct or indirect moderate to severe force. Transverse fracture Horizontal break through bone. Cause: direct or indirect energy toward bone. Greenstick fracture Break in only one cortex of bone. Cause: minor direct or indirect energy. Pathologic fracture Transverse, oblique, or spiral fracture of bone weakened by tumor pressure or presence. Cause: minor energy or force, which may be direct or indirect. Open fracture Skin broken over fracture; possible soft tissue trauma. Cause: moderate to severe energy that is continuous and exceeds tissue tolerances. Impacted fracture Fracture with one end wedged into opposite end of inside fractured fragment. Cause: compressive axial energy or force directly to distal fragment. Occult fracture Fracture that is hidden or not readily discernible. Cause: minor force or energy.