ATI Nursing Care of The Children

ATI Nursing Care of The Children. Dictatorial or authoritarian o Super strict parents, it’s their way or the highway o Parents try to control their child’s behaviors through unquestioned rules or expectations o Ex. the child is never allowed to watch tv on a school night § Permissive o Very laid back, allow children to set their rules o Parents exert very little control over their child’s behaviors; consult the child when making decisions o Ex. the child assists in deciding whether or not they can watch tv on a school night § Democratic or authoritative o Right in the middle, not too strict but also not too permissive o Parents direct the child’s behaviors by setting rules and explain the reason behind them o Parents negatively reinforce deviations from the rules and may do so by taking privileges away o Ex. the child can watch tv for 1 hour on school nights as long as their homework is done § Passive parents o Do not care what is going on, don’t even consult with the children. Uninvolved, indifferent or emotionally removed Chapter 2 Physical Assessment Findings § Pediatric vital signs differ from an adult’s, except for blood pressure. § Temperature of a one year old is 99.9 degrees § Not until 5 years old when they begin to have a normal temperature of 98.6 § Pulse rate for an infant is 80-180 with respirations of 30-35 § Infant bp systolic is between 65-80 and their diastolic is between 40 & 50 § The fontanels* o Should be flat and soft o Posterior: closes between 6 & 8 weeks o Anterior closes between 12 & 18 months § Infant can have 6-8 teeth by one year of age § There will be 20 deciduous teeth and 32 permeant teeth Downloaded by emmanuel manyaka () lOMoARcPSD| § Reflexes* o Moro reflex: present from birth to four months. Allowing the head and trunk of the infant to fall backwards. The arms and legs symmetrically extend and abduct, and fingers form a C shape. o Rooting: stroking the infant’s cheek or edge of mouth causes the infant to turn their head to that side and suck. Birth to 4 months. o Palmar grasp: placing an object in the infant’s palm and the infant grasps the object. Birth to 3 months. o Plantar: by touching the sole of the infant’s foot the toes curl downward. Birth to 8 months. o Startle: by making a loud noise the infant abducts arms and hands remained clenched. Birth to 4 months. o Tonic neck: by turning the infants head to one side the infant will extend the arm and leg on that side and flex the opposite side. Birth to 3-4 months. o Babinski: by stroking the outer edge of the sole up toward the toes the infant will fan its toes upward and out. Birth to 1 year. o Stepping: by holding the infant upright with its feet touching the surface the infant will make stepping movements. Birth to 4 weeks. § Cranial nerves o 1 is olfactory o 2 is optic o 3 oculomotor o 4 trochlear: ability of eye to look down and in o 5 trigeminal: have child close eye and they will detect you touching their face o 6 abducens: the ability to look laterally with the eyes o 7 facial: symmetry facial movements o 8 vestibulocochlear/acoustic: checking hearing o 9 glossopharyngeal: checking for intact gag reflex o 10 vagus: checking for swallowing o 11 spinal accessory: can move shoulders symmetrically o 12 hypoglossal: tongue is midline and can move in all directions Ooh ooh ooh to touch and feel very good velvet such heaven Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter most Chapter 3 Physical Development: § Doubles by 6 months; triples by 1 year* Downloaded by emmanuel manyaka () lOMoARcPSD| § 2.5 cm (1 in) per month for the first 6 months § Length increases by 50% by 12 months of age § First teeth erupt between 6-10 months Age Gross motor Fine motor 1 month Demonstrates head lag Strong grasp 2 months Lifts head up when prone Holds hands in an open position, grasp reflex fading 3 months Raises head and shoulders when prone, slight head lag No longer has a grasp reflex, keeps hands open loosely. 4 months Rolls from back to side Grasps with both hands 5 months Rolls from front to back Uses palmar grasp 6 months Rolls from back to front Holds bottle 7 months Bears full weight on feet. Sits leaning forward on both hands Moves objects from hand to hand 8 months Sits unsupported Begins using pincer grip 9 months Pulls to standing position. Creeps on hands and knees Has crude pincer grip. Dominant hand preference evident 10 months Changes from prone to sitting position Grasps rattle by its hand 11 months Cruises or walks while holding on to something. Walks with one hand held. Places objects into a container. Neat pincer grasp. 12 months Sits down from a standing position without assistance Tries to build a two-block tower w/o success. Can turn pages in a book. Cognitive Development: Piaget § From birth to 24 months they are in the sensorimotor stage § Object permanence occurs around 9 months of age. Language Development: § Should be able to say 3-5 words by age 1 and they know the concept of no. Erickson: § From birth to 1 year is trust vs. mistrust. § Is the caretaker meeting the needs of the infant? § Separations anxiety occurs around 4-8 months of age § Stranger fear occurs around 6-8 months of age Downloaded by emmanuel manyaka () lOMoARcPSD| Toys: © Rattles, blocks, brightly colored toys, playing patty cake, reading books, mirrors, and playing with balls. Immunizations: © Birth: hep B © 2 months: 2nd hep B, IPV (inactivated polio), RV (rotavirus), PCV (pneumococcal), DTaP, Hib (haemophilus influenza type B) © 4 months: all of the above minus the hep B © 6 months: all including hep B © Should also get flu between 6 months and 1 year Nutrition: § Breastmilk for the first 6 months § No solids until 4 to 6 months, iron fortified rice cereal § Do not need juice or water during first year of life** § Introduce new foods one at a time over a 4 to 7 day period to observe for allergies © Never leave unattended in bathtub © Stay in rear facing cars seat until two years of age © Crib slats should be no more than 6 cm apart, keep pillows out of crib © On back to sleep* Chapter 4: © Quadruple weight by 30 months of age © Grow 3 inches per year © Head and chest circumference should be equal around 2 years of age Age Gross Motor Fine Motor 15 months Walks without help. Creeps up stairs Uses a cup. Builds a tower of 2 blocks 18 months Runs clumsily, falls often, throws ball overhead, jumps in place with both feet. Pushes and pulls toys Manages a spoon. Turns pages in a book two or three at a time, build a tower of 3-4 blocks Downloaded by emmanuel manyaka () lOMoARcPSD| 2 years Walks up and down stairs by placing both feet on each step Builds tower of 6-7 blocks and turns pages of books one at a time. 2.5 years Jumps across flow and off a chair using both feet. Stands on one foot for a moment. Takes a few steps on tip toe Draws circles. Has good hand-finger coordination © At one year, they are using one-word sentences or hollow phrases. At two years they use multi word sentences, 2-3 words. Erickson: § Autonomy vs. shame § Independence, trying to do stuff for themselves; Expressed by saying “no” a lot. § Thrive on ritualism Toys: © Playing with blocks, push pull toys, large piece puzzles and thick crayons. Finger paints and looking at books. Toilet training: © Depends on age and when the child can recognize the sensation to go. Immunizations: © 12-15 months: IPV and PCV, MMR and varicella, Hib © 12-23 months: hep A (at least 6 months apart) © 15-18 months: DTaP © Annual flu. We offer online tutoring, help with assignments and essay writing for all Majors with a guaranteed pass. For assistance Email Tutor Lucas: