Inhoud
Profielweek 1 ................................................................................................. 9
DAG 1: Introductie en ‘straffen in de gemeenschap’ ....................................... 9
Gemeenschapsgerichte straffen en introductie.......................................................................... 9
Over welke straffen gaat het dan in België? .................................................................................................. 9
Waarom voorkeur aan gemeenschapsgerichte straffen (GRS) ...................................................................... 9
Waarom gevangenisstraf vermijden? ............................................................................................................ 9
Veranderende visie – veranderende terminologie ................................................................... 10
Terminologie ................................................................................................................................................ 10
Van alternatieve maatregelen/sancties naar gemeenschapsgerichte straffen............................................ 11
Recente autonome straffen ......................................................................................................................... 12
Overzicht straffen – info samenvatting penologie en penitentiair recht ..................................................... 13
Toepassing GRS in Vlaanderen en Brussel (NL) ......................................................................... 16
Situatie in 2020 ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Evolutie nieuwe mandaten 2015-2019 ........................................................................................................ 16
Beleid vandaag ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Aantal nieuwe mandaten JH voor België ..................................................................................................... 16
Ontwikkelingen en thema’s .................................................................................................... 17
Neo rehabilitationisme – RNR en good-lives model (= twee dominante modellen) .................................... 17
Naleven van de straf – compliance .......................................................................................... 21
Compliance (Bottoms, 2001) ........................................................................................................................ 21
Net-widening.......................................................................................................................... 22
Cohen (1979;1985) ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Aebi (2015): conclusie van de empirische test van de net widening hypothese ......................................... 24
Zijn de GSR alternatieven voor de GS? ..................................................................................... 24
Garland (2000) evolutie ................................................................................................................................ 24
De beleving en het strafkarakter van de GRS ........................................................................... 25
Beeld van de GRS (Mcneill (2019) + Durnescu (2020)) ................................................................................. 25
Technologie en GRS: welke impact op het straffen? ................................................................. 26
Elektronisch toezicht (ET) (België) ................................................................................................................ 26
Conclusie ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
Gastcollege justitiehuizen Diem Lebrun – een criminoloog, een justitiehuis en een pandemie .. 31
Een criminoloog ............................................................................................................................................ 31
Een justitiehuis ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Een pandemie ............................................................................................................................................... 35
Gastcollege VCET Antonia Leroy – Vlaams Centrum Elektronisch Toezicht ................................ 36
ET – definitie ................................................................................................................................................. 37
ET – Soorten ................................................................................................................................................. 37
Historiek ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Organigram ................................................................................................................................................... 40
Objectieven .................................................................................................................................................. 40
1
, Actoren in de maatregel ............................................................................................................................... 40
Visualisatie technisch materiaal ................................................................................................................... 41
Cijfers ............................................................................................................................................................ 43
Aandachtspunten ......................................................................................................................................... 43
DAG 2: Detentiebeleving en actuele ontwikkelingen in het gevangeniswezen
en het Belgische penitentiaire beleid .............................................................45
Detentiebeleving – algemeen .................................................................................................. 45
Sykes (1950, VS): the five pains of imprisonment (– in België) .................................................. 45
The pains of imprisonment – deprivations and frustrations of the ‘modern prison’ (Sykes, 1958) ............. 45
New jersey state prison ................................................................................................................................ 46
Crewe (2011, U.K.): Depth, weight and tightness. Revisiting the pains of imprisonment ........... 47
Historicizing the pains of imprisonment (Crewe 2011, 510-512) ................................................................. 47
Veranderingen (Crewe, 2011: 512 ............................................................................................................... 48
Nieuwe pains of imprisonment .................................................................................................................... 48
Depth, weight, tightness (Crewe, 2011: 520-522)........................................................................................ 51
Conclusie (Crewe, 2011: 522-523)................................................................................................................ 51
Crewe & Levins (2020). ‘Thightness’, recognition and penal power........................................... 52
Thightness and absence of grip (Crewe & Levins, 2020: 2) .......................................................................... 52
Inconsistentie, tekortkomingen en onbruikbaarheid (Crewe & Levins, 2020: 7-8)...................................... 52
The absence of institutional engagement (Crewe & Levins, 2020: 10) ........................................................ 53
Risk reduction (Crewe & Levins, 2020: 12) ................................................................................................... 54
Availability of important actors (crewe & Levins, 2020: 10-11) .................................................................. 54
Kwadrant (Crewe & Levins, 2020: 14-18) ..................................................................................................... 54
Conclusie: institutionele krapte en strafrechttheorie (Crewe en Levins, 2020, 18-19)................................ 55
Belgische context ......................................................................................................................................... 56
Shammas (2014, Norway): The pains of freedom. Assessing the ambiguity of Scandinavian penal
exceptionalism on Norway’s prison island ............................................................................... 56
Degrees of isolation ...................................................................................................................................... 56
Context – Scandinavian exceptionalism (cf. Nordic exceptionalisme) ......................................................... 56
Prison Island – Norway (Shammas, 2014: 106) ............................................................................................ 57
Conclusie Shammas (Shammas, 2014: 119-120) .......................................................................................... 59
Scharff Smith, P. (2006) The Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prison Inmates: A brief History
and Review of the Literature ................................................................................................... 59
Isolatie in België ........................................................................................................................................... 59
Pains and effects of isolation........................................................................................................................ 59
Crewe, B & levins (2019) the prison as a reinventive institution ............................................... 60
Hayes, D (2018). Proximity, Pain and State, punishment ............................................................................. 60
Gastspreker Rudy Van de Voorde: Ontwikkelingen in het penitentiaire beleid ......................... 61
Context – Het directoraat-generaal penitentiaire inrichtingen binnen de federale overheidsdienst Justitie
...................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Het directoraat-generaal penitentiaire inrichtingen .................................................................................... 61
Enkele cijfers ................................................................................................................................................ 61
Cijfers personeel ........................................................................................................................................... 62
Beleidskader – wettelijk ............................................................................................................................... 62
2
, De gevangenisstraf binnen de strafrechtsketen........................................................................................... 63
De paradoxen van de penitentiaire strafuitvoering ..................................................................................... 63
Het beheersen van de gevangeniscapaciteit ................................................................................................ 65
Uitdagingen voor het gevangenisbeleid ....................................................................................................... 66
Een zijsprongetje: de aanpak van COVID in de gevangenissen .................................................................... 68
Wet van 23 maart 2019 – Betreffende de organisatie van de penitentiaire diensten en van het statuut van
het penitentiair personeel ............................................................................................................................ 68
Decruynaere, F. (2019) – Een positieve benadering werkt beter dan louter straffen.................. 68
Leestmans, D. (2019) – het leven en het werkklimaat in de gevangenis moeten erop vooruitgaan
(de Juristenkrant nr. 381) ........................................................................................................ 70
Pagina 8 ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
Pagina 9 ........................................................................................................................................................ 71
DAG 3: ‘kleinschalige detentie’ ......................................................................73
Manu Pintelon ........................................................................................................................ 73
Hans Claus .............................................................................................................................. 74
Claus, H. (2013). Voorwoord vzw de Huizen ................................................................................................ 75
Claus, H. (2013). Inleiding vzw de Huizen ..................................................................................................... 76
Beyens, K. (2013) – Een penologisch perspectief ......................................................................................... 77
Berit Johnson.......................................................................................................................... 81
Aurelia Bijnens ....................................................................................................................... 83
Profielweek 2 ................................................................................................85
DAG 4: Slachtoffers en herstel .......................................................................85
Ivo Aertsen: RJ vanuit het perspectief van het slachtoffer ........................................................ 85
Belang van partnerschap (België) ................................................................................................................. 85
Wat is "herstelrecht"? .................................................................................................................................. 85
Twee verschillende visie’s ............................................................................................................................ 85
Hoe het verschijnt: ....................................................................................................................................... 86
Hoe het is (wettelijk) geregeld: .................................................................................................................... 87
Andere richtinggevende kaders: .................................................................................................................. 88
Aanbeveling van de Raad van Europa CM/Rec(2018)8 betreffende herstelrecht justitie (RJ) in strafzaken 88
Verschillen in het Europese landschap ......................................................................................................... 88
Welke resultaten kunnen verwacht worden? .............................................................................................. 90
Verbreden van het toepassingsgebied en zoeken naar integratie ............................................................... 91
Integratie van responsmechanismen: A regelgevingspiramide (Braithwaite e.a.)....................................... 92
Recapitulatie: RJ = .... (sterktes/zwaktes/uitdagingen) ................................................................................ 92
Nu, wat het slachtoffer betreft... ................................................................................................................. 94
Terug naar RJ ... ............................................................................................................................................ 96
Webinar Restorative justice – SAMENSPRAAK (moderator, 2021) ............................................ 97
Project SAMENSPRAAK – herstelgerichte dialooggroepen .......................................................................... 97
Getuigenis Suzanne Van Well .................................................................................................100
Kortfilm gemaakt door Petronella; de rol van de samenleving in herstel(recht) .......................103
Info tot stand komen van de kortfilm ........................................................................................................ 103
3
, Bespreking kortfilm .................................................................................................................................... 104
Gastcollege Bart Govaerts – Vormingplus Oost-Brabant en De Rode Antraciet: projecten in de
gevangenis ............................................................................................................................104
Projecten met gedetineerden .................................................................................................................... 104
DAG 5: ‘reizen om te leren’ en ‘rechten van gedetineerden en monitoring
boards’ ........................................................................................................ 109
Gevangenisreizen om te leren – een reisverslag over Europese en Zuid-Afrikaanse gevangenissen
(Tom Vanderbeken) ...............................................................................................................109
Jhon Howard, de held ................................................................................................................................. 109
Jhon Howard, de mens ............................................................................................................................... 109
Gevangenisbezoeken in 1774 ..................................................................................................................... 110
Buitenlandse gevangenisreizen (1775-1790) ............................................................................................. 110
Een jaar in het spoor van Howard .............................................................................................................. 110
Gevangenisreizen en gevangenistoerisme ................................................................................................. 111
Opsluiting, uitsluiting en insluiting ............................................................................................................. 116
Rehabilitatie in context en praktijk – Zuid-Afrika ....................................................................................... 117
Comitée Prevention of Torture (CPT Belgium,) & klachtrecht ..................................................121
CPT (European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or
punischment) ............................................................................................................................................. 122
Public statement ........................................................................................................................................ 122
Gastcollege Vincent Eechaudt (voorzitter klachtencommissie, Gent) – Klachtenrecht voor
gedetineerden .......................................................................................................................123
Waarom een klachtenrecht? ...................................................................................................................... 123
Voor het klachtenrecht .............................................................................................................................. 124
Waarom klachtenrecht? ............................................................................................................................. 125
Het klachtenrecht: wat? ............................................................................................................................. 125
Het klachtenrecht: hoe? ............................................................................................................................. 126
Het klachtenrecht: wie? ............................................................................................................................. 127
Na de klacht… ............................................................................................................................................. 128
Beslissingen van de klachtencommissie ..................................................................................................... 129
Casus 4: Ontvankelijk of niet? .................................................................................................................... 129
Cijfers België ............................................................................................................................................... 130
Afsluitende beschouwingen ....................................................................................................................... 131
Teper (2021): Het beklagrecht voor gedetineerden – eerste beschouwingen ...........................131
Introductie (Teper, 2021: 4) ....................................................................................................................... 131
De samenstelling van de nieuwe klachtorganen ........................................................................................ 131
Procedurele aspecten van het beklagrecht ................................................................................................ 134
Bury (2021) A complaint is a gift (you can’t refuse): eerste impressies van een
gevangenisdirecteur m.b.t. de invoering van het klachtenrecht in de Belgische gevangenissen 134
Introductie (Bury, 2021: 23) ....................................................................................................................... 134
De invoering van het klachtenrecht (Bury, 2021: 23-24) ........................................................................... 135
Cijfergegevens (Bury, 2021: 24-25) ............................................................................................................ 135
Het klachtrecht gezien vanuit de positie van de directeur (Bury, 2021: 25-29) ......................................... 136
Besluitend (Bury, 2021: 29-30) ................................................................................................................... 138
4
Profielweek 1 ................................................................................................. 9
DAG 1: Introductie en ‘straffen in de gemeenschap’ ....................................... 9
Gemeenschapsgerichte straffen en introductie.......................................................................... 9
Over welke straffen gaat het dan in België? .................................................................................................. 9
Waarom voorkeur aan gemeenschapsgerichte straffen (GRS) ...................................................................... 9
Waarom gevangenisstraf vermijden? ............................................................................................................ 9
Veranderende visie – veranderende terminologie ................................................................... 10
Terminologie ................................................................................................................................................ 10
Van alternatieve maatregelen/sancties naar gemeenschapsgerichte straffen............................................ 11
Recente autonome straffen ......................................................................................................................... 12
Overzicht straffen – info samenvatting penologie en penitentiair recht ..................................................... 13
Toepassing GRS in Vlaanderen en Brussel (NL) ......................................................................... 16
Situatie in 2020 ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Evolutie nieuwe mandaten 2015-2019 ........................................................................................................ 16
Beleid vandaag ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Aantal nieuwe mandaten JH voor België ..................................................................................................... 16
Ontwikkelingen en thema’s .................................................................................................... 17
Neo rehabilitationisme – RNR en good-lives model (= twee dominante modellen) .................................... 17
Naleven van de straf – compliance .......................................................................................... 21
Compliance (Bottoms, 2001) ........................................................................................................................ 21
Net-widening.......................................................................................................................... 22
Cohen (1979;1985) ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Aebi (2015): conclusie van de empirische test van de net widening hypothese ......................................... 24
Zijn de GSR alternatieven voor de GS? ..................................................................................... 24
Garland (2000) evolutie ................................................................................................................................ 24
De beleving en het strafkarakter van de GRS ........................................................................... 25
Beeld van de GRS (Mcneill (2019) + Durnescu (2020)) ................................................................................. 25
Technologie en GRS: welke impact op het straffen? ................................................................. 26
Elektronisch toezicht (ET) (België) ................................................................................................................ 26
Conclusie ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
Gastcollege justitiehuizen Diem Lebrun – een criminoloog, een justitiehuis en een pandemie .. 31
Een criminoloog ............................................................................................................................................ 31
Een justitiehuis ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Een pandemie ............................................................................................................................................... 35
Gastcollege VCET Antonia Leroy – Vlaams Centrum Elektronisch Toezicht ................................ 36
ET – definitie ................................................................................................................................................. 37
ET – Soorten ................................................................................................................................................. 37
Historiek ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Organigram ................................................................................................................................................... 40
Objectieven .................................................................................................................................................. 40
1
, Actoren in de maatregel ............................................................................................................................... 40
Visualisatie technisch materiaal ................................................................................................................... 41
Cijfers ............................................................................................................................................................ 43
Aandachtspunten ......................................................................................................................................... 43
DAG 2: Detentiebeleving en actuele ontwikkelingen in het gevangeniswezen
en het Belgische penitentiaire beleid .............................................................45
Detentiebeleving – algemeen .................................................................................................. 45
Sykes (1950, VS): the five pains of imprisonment (– in België) .................................................. 45
The pains of imprisonment – deprivations and frustrations of the ‘modern prison’ (Sykes, 1958) ............. 45
New jersey state prison ................................................................................................................................ 46
Crewe (2011, U.K.): Depth, weight and tightness. Revisiting the pains of imprisonment ........... 47
Historicizing the pains of imprisonment (Crewe 2011, 510-512) ................................................................. 47
Veranderingen (Crewe, 2011: 512 ............................................................................................................... 48
Nieuwe pains of imprisonment .................................................................................................................... 48
Depth, weight, tightness (Crewe, 2011: 520-522)........................................................................................ 51
Conclusie (Crewe, 2011: 522-523)................................................................................................................ 51
Crewe & Levins (2020). ‘Thightness’, recognition and penal power........................................... 52
Thightness and absence of grip (Crewe & Levins, 2020: 2) .......................................................................... 52
Inconsistentie, tekortkomingen en onbruikbaarheid (Crewe & Levins, 2020: 7-8)...................................... 52
The absence of institutional engagement (Crewe & Levins, 2020: 10) ........................................................ 53
Risk reduction (Crewe & Levins, 2020: 12) ................................................................................................... 54
Availability of important actors (crewe & Levins, 2020: 10-11) .................................................................. 54
Kwadrant (Crewe & Levins, 2020: 14-18) ..................................................................................................... 54
Conclusie: institutionele krapte en strafrechttheorie (Crewe en Levins, 2020, 18-19)................................ 55
Belgische context ......................................................................................................................................... 56
Shammas (2014, Norway): The pains of freedom. Assessing the ambiguity of Scandinavian penal
exceptionalism on Norway’s prison island ............................................................................... 56
Degrees of isolation ...................................................................................................................................... 56
Context – Scandinavian exceptionalism (cf. Nordic exceptionalisme) ......................................................... 56
Prison Island – Norway (Shammas, 2014: 106) ............................................................................................ 57
Conclusie Shammas (Shammas, 2014: 119-120) .......................................................................................... 59
Scharff Smith, P. (2006) The Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prison Inmates: A brief History
and Review of the Literature ................................................................................................... 59
Isolatie in België ........................................................................................................................................... 59
Pains and effects of isolation........................................................................................................................ 59
Crewe, B & levins (2019) the prison as a reinventive institution ............................................... 60
Hayes, D (2018). Proximity, Pain and State, punishment ............................................................................. 60
Gastspreker Rudy Van de Voorde: Ontwikkelingen in het penitentiaire beleid ......................... 61
Context – Het directoraat-generaal penitentiaire inrichtingen binnen de federale overheidsdienst Justitie
...................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Het directoraat-generaal penitentiaire inrichtingen .................................................................................... 61
Enkele cijfers ................................................................................................................................................ 61
Cijfers personeel ........................................................................................................................................... 62
Beleidskader – wettelijk ............................................................................................................................... 62
2
, De gevangenisstraf binnen de strafrechtsketen........................................................................................... 63
De paradoxen van de penitentiaire strafuitvoering ..................................................................................... 63
Het beheersen van de gevangeniscapaciteit ................................................................................................ 65
Uitdagingen voor het gevangenisbeleid ....................................................................................................... 66
Een zijsprongetje: de aanpak van COVID in de gevangenissen .................................................................... 68
Wet van 23 maart 2019 – Betreffende de organisatie van de penitentiaire diensten en van het statuut van
het penitentiair personeel ............................................................................................................................ 68
Decruynaere, F. (2019) – Een positieve benadering werkt beter dan louter straffen.................. 68
Leestmans, D. (2019) – het leven en het werkklimaat in de gevangenis moeten erop vooruitgaan
(de Juristenkrant nr. 381) ........................................................................................................ 70
Pagina 8 ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
Pagina 9 ........................................................................................................................................................ 71
DAG 3: ‘kleinschalige detentie’ ......................................................................73
Manu Pintelon ........................................................................................................................ 73
Hans Claus .............................................................................................................................. 74
Claus, H. (2013). Voorwoord vzw de Huizen ................................................................................................ 75
Claus, H. (2013). Inleiding vzw de Huizen ..................................................................................................... 76
Beyens, K. (2013) – Een penologisch perspectief ......................................................................................... 77
Berit Johnson.......................................................................................................................... 81
Aurelia Bijnens ....................................................................................................................... 83
Profielweek 2 ................................................................................................85
DAG 4: Slachtoffers en herstel .......................................................................85
Ivo Aertsen: RJ vanuit het perspectief van het slachtoffer ........................................................ 85
Belang van partnerschap (België) ................................................................................................................. 85
Wat is "herstelrecht"? .................................................................................................................................. 85
Twee verschillende visie’s ............................................................................................................................ 85
Hoe het verschijnt: ....................................................................................................................................... 86
Hoe het is (wettelijk) geregeld: .................................................................................................................... 87
Andere richtinggevende kaders: .................................................................................................................. 88
Aanbeveling van de Raad van Europa CM/Rec(2018)8 betreffende herstelrecht justitie (RJ) in strafzaken 88
Verschillen in het Europese landschap ......................................................................................................... 88
Welke resultaten kunnen verwacht worden? .............................................................................................. 90
Verbreden van het toepassingsgebied en zoeken naar integratie ............................................................... 91
Integratie van responsmechanismen: A regelgevingspiramide (Braithwaite e.a.)....................................... 92
Recapitulatie: RJ = .... (sterktes/zwaktes/uitdagingen) ................................................................................ 92
Nu, wat het slachtoffer betreft... ................................................................................................................. 94
Terug naar RJ ... ............................................................................................................................................ 96
Webinar Restorative justice – SAMENSPRAAK (moderator, 2021) ............................................ 97
Project SAMENSPRAAK – herstelgerichte dialooggroepen .......................................................................... 97
Getuigenis Suzanne Van Well .................................................................................................100
Kortfilm gemaakt door Petronella; de rol van de samenleving in herstel(recht) .......................103
Info tot stand komen van de kortfilm ........................................................................................................ 103
3
, Bespreking kortfilm .................................................................................................................................... 104
Gastcollege Bart Govaerts – Vormingplus Oost-Brabant en De Rode Antraciet: projecten in de
gevangenis ............................................................................................................................104
Projecten met gedetineerden .................................................................................................................... 104
DAG 5: ‘reizen om te leren’ en ‘rechten van gedetineerden en monitoring
boards’ ........................................................................................................ 109
Gevangenisreizen om te leren – een reisverslag over Europese en Zuid-Afrikaanse gevangenissen
(Tom Vanderbeken) ...............................................................................................................109
Jhon Howard, de held ................................................................................................................................. 109
Jhon Howard, de mens ............................................................................................................................... 109
Gevangenisbezoeken in 1774 ..................................................................................................................... 110
Buitenlandse gevangenisreizen (1775-1790) ............................................................................................. 110
Een jaar in het spoor van Howard .............................................................................................................. 110
Gevangenisreizen en gevangenistoerisme ................................................................................................. 111
Opsluiting, uitsluiting en insluiting ............................................................................................................. 116
Rehabilitatie in context en praktijk – Zuid-Afrika ....................................................................................... 117
Comitée Prevention of Torture (CPT Belgium,) & klachtrecht ..................................................121
CPT (European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or
punischment) ............................................................................................................................................. 122
Public statement ........................................................................................................................................ 122
Gastcollege Vincent Eechaudt (voorzitter klachtencommissie, Gent) – Klachtenrecht voor
gedetineerden .......................................................................................................................123
Waarom een klachtenrecht? ...................................................................................................................... 123
Voor het klachtenrecht .............................................................................................................................. 124
Waarom klachtenrecht? ............................................................................................................................. 125
Het klachtenrecht: wat? ............................................................................................................................. 125
Het klachtenrecht: hoe? ............................................................................................................................. 126
Het klachtenrecht: wie? ............................................................................................................................. 127
Na de klacht… ............................................................................................................................................. 128
Beslissingen van de klachtencommissie ..................................................................................................... 129
Casus 4: Ontvankelijk of niet? .................................................................................................................... 129
Cijfers België ............................................................................................................................................... 130
Afsluitende beschouwingen ....................................................................................................................... 131
Teper (2021): Het beklagrecht voor gedetineerden – eerste beschouwingen ...........................131
Introductie (Teper, 2021: 4) ....................................................................................................................... 131
De samenstelling van de nieuwe klachtorganen ........................................................................................ 131
Procedurele aspecten van het beklagrecht ................................................................................................ 134
Bury (2021) A complaint is a gift (you can’t refuse): eerste impressies van een
gevangenisdirecteur m.b.t. de invoering van het klachtenrecht in de Belgische gevangenissen 134
Introductie (Bury, 2021: 23) ....................................................................................................................... 134
De invoering van het klachtenrecht (Bury, 2021: 23-24) ........................................................................... 135
Cijfergegevens (Bury, 2021: 24-25) ............................................................................................................ 135
Het klachtrecht gezien vanuit de positie van de directeur (Bury, 2021: 25-29) ......................................... 136
Besluitend (Bury, 2021: 29-30) ................................................................................................................... 138
4
