Summary: Statistics Stenden University Year 2 International Hospitality Management

Summary research

Measurement scales:

Nominal
 Giving names numbers
 Example: Female 1 – Male 2
Ordinal
 In order, ranking
 Example: 1 star is lower than 2 stars, 2 stars is lower than 3 stars ect.
Interval
 Same distance between numbers, equal distance.
 The scaled distance between 1 and 2 equals the distance between 2 and 3.
 Example: Temperature in degrees
 Example: Calendar time
Ratio
 Same distance between numbers, equal distance, with a 0 point.
 Represents the actual amounts of a variable.
 Example: Weight
 Example: Height
 Example: Distance
 Example: Age in years

Statistical techniques:

Mode
 Figure which occurs the most.
 Trick: Mode/Most, Mo..
 There could be more than 1 mode.
 Example: 3, 3, 8, 9, 15, 15, 15, 17, 17, 27, 40, 44, 44. Mode = 15
 Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio.

Median
 Numbers in order from low to high, middle number is median.
 If there is an odd number, add the two middle numbers and dived by 2.
 Example odd: 3, 9, 15, 16, 17, 44. Median = 15+16/2=15.5
 Example even: 3, 9, 15, 17, 44. Median = 15
 Ordinal, interval and ratio.

Mean/Average
 Sum of all scores divided by the numbers of scores
 Example: 15, 18, 22, 20. =75/4= 18.75.
 Interval and ratio

Standard deviation
 How much variation around the mean/average.
 Interval and Ratio

T-test
 Difference between 2 groups

,  Interval and ratio

Chi-square
 Relationship
 Normal and ordinal

Correlation
 Relationship between 2 scores
 Interval and ratio

Regression
 Prediction
 Interval and ratio


The normal distribution

 These 2 numbers describe/summarize a group of data:
o Mean
o Standard Deviation
 Probability: Chance that a certain event occurs.
 Probability distribution: list of all possible events, with their probabilities.

Probability distribution
Event (# heads) Probability
0 ¼ (0.25)
1 ½ (0.50)
2 ¼ (0.25)




Normal distribution:

Middle line: Mean/average