Genetics and Genetic Engineering
Physics World. (2015). Genetic engineering boosts energy transport in artificial photosynthesis. [online] Available at: https://physicsworld.com/a/genetic-engineering-boosts-energy-transport-in-
artificial-photosynthesis/ [Accessed 28 Jan. 2022].
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 1
, Disclaimer
• The information is provided by Nikita Raeburn and is intended for studying/teaching
purposes only.
• All information displayed is sole ©Copyright of N. Raeburn, and in such may not be
downloaded, reproduced, copied, defaced, edited or used in any way without
written permission.
• All information is based on the IEB (Independent Examinations Board) syllabus.
• Various textbooks, articles and websites were used in compiling the information.
• The information in these notes cover a majority of topics, however it is advised to
keep your own personal textbook/study guide near as the notes may not contain
everything suited to certain examiners preference.
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 2
, GENETICS
A branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms.
Genetics
multiple inheritance
types of alleles & of sex genetic genetic
blood mutations pedigree problems engineering
dominance &sex
groups linkage
monohybrid dihybrid
cross cross
Genetics studies the transmission of genes from one generation to another.
A blueprint of traits and characteristics is established for the new offspring
from the genes transferred from both parents.
The genotype is the genetic makeup while the phenotype is the physical
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 3
makeup.
, The Role of Gametes in Inheritance
Female parent (2n) Male parent (2n)
Meiosis Meiosis
egg cell (n) sperm cell (n)
Fertilisation
Zygote (2n)
Mitosis growth and development
New offspring
DNA molecules on the chromosomes consist of sections called genes.
Each gene contains the hereditary traits, e.g. skin and hair colour, height, body structure and blood group are
represented by the genes on each of the two homologous chromosomes.
During the process of Meiosis, haploid gametes are produced and the gametes will contain one set of genes.
During fertilization, the gametes fuse and a diploid zygote results.
One set of genes will come from the female parent (maternal) and one set from the male parent (paternal).
The two sets of genes may be the same or different for a trait, e.g. the mother may have genes for black hair and the
father may have genes for blonde hair.
The offspring inherits two sets of genes, 50% from the mother and 50% from the father and may therefore be different
from each of the parents.
The diploid zygote therefore contains a double set of DNA and is a combination of both parents. 4
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
Physics World. (2015). Genetic engineering boosts energy transport in artificial photosynthesis. [online] Available at: https://physicsworld.com/a/genetic-engineering-boosts-energy-transport-in-
artificial-photosynthesis/ [Accessed 28 Jan. 2022].
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 1
, Disclaimer
• The information is provided by Nikita Raeburn and is intended for studying/teaching
purposes only.
• All information displayed is sole ©Copyright of N. Raeburn, and in such may not be
downloaded, reproduced, copied, defaced, edited or used in any way without
written permission.
• All information is based on the IEB (Independent Examinations Board) syllabus.
• Various textbooks, articles and websites were used in compiling the information.
• The information in these notes cover a majority of topics, however it is advised to
keep your own personal textbook/study guide near as the notes may not contain
everything suited to certain examiners preference.
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 2
, GENETICS
A branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms.
Genetics
multiple inheritance
types of alleles & of sex genetic genetic
blood mutations pedigree problems engineering
dominance &sex
groups linkage
monohybrid dihybrid
cross cross
Genetics studies the transmission of genes from one generation to another.
A blueprint of traits and characteristics is established for the new offspring
from the genes transferred from both parents.
The genotype is the genetic makeup while the phenotype is the physical
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 3
makeup.
, The Role of Gametes in Inheritance
Female parent (2n) Male parent (2n)
Meiosis Meiosis
egg cell (n) sperm cell (n)
Fertilisation
Zygote (2n)
Mitosis growth and development
New offspring
DNA molecules on the chromosomes consist of sections called genes.
Each gene contains the hereditary traits, e.g. skin and hair colour, height, body structure and blood group are
represented by the genes on each of the two homologous chromosomes.
During the process of Meiosis, haploid gametes are produced and the gametes will contain one set of genes.
During fertilization, the gametes fuse and a diploid zygote results.
One set of genes will come from the female parent (maternal) and one set from the male parent (paternal).
The two sets of genes may be the same or different for a trait, e.g. the mother may have genes for black hair and the
father may have genes for blonde hair.
The offspring inherits two sets of genes, 50% from the mother and 50% from the father and may therefore be different
from each of the parents.
The diploid zygote therefore contains a double set of DNA and is a combination of both parents. 4
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
