Sociologie van Media & ICT
2020 - 2021
,Table of Contents
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding mediasociologie .................................................................................. 4
Mediasociologie: de relatie tussen media en maatschappij .............................................................4
Historische relatie tussen mediastudies en sociologie .....................................................................5
Sociologie van de moderne maatschappij .......................................................................................6
Sociologische processen ......................................................................................................................................6
Conclusie .......................................................................................................................................7
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 1 ...............................................................................................................8
Hoofdstuk 2: Decompositie van media ................................................................................. 10
Introductie................................................................................................................................... 10
Media als industrie ...................................................................................................................... 11
Politieke economie van reclame ........................................................................................................................17
Politieke economie van het internet ..................................................................................................................18
Media als inhoud ......................................................................................................................... 19
Semiotiek ...........................................................................................................................................................20
Discoursanalyse..................................................................................................................................................24
Inhoudsanalyse ..................................................................................................................................................25
Media als technologie .................................................................................................................. 26
Media als publiek......................................................................................................................... 27
Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 2 ............................................................................................................. 31
Hoofdstuk 3: Traditionele sociologie als inspiratiebron ........................................................ 36
Giddens: Structuration Theory...................................................................................................... 36
Het structure-agency debat ...............................................................................................................................36
Structuralistische & Voluntaristische theorieën: voorbeelden .....................................................................37
Giddens: Structuration Theory ...........................................................................................................................38
Giddens: Structuration Theory: AGENCY ...........................................................................................................39
Giddens: Structuration Theory: SOCIALE STRUCTUUR .......................................................................................39
Giddens: Conclusie ........................................................................................................................................44
Bourdieu: Field Theory ................................................................................................................. 44
Field theory: formule .........................................................................................................................................45
Habitus ..........................................................................................................................................................45
Veld ...............................................................................................................................................................46
Kapitaal ..........................................................................................................................................................46
Bourdieu conclusie ........................................................................................................................................47
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 3 ............................................................................................................. 48
Hoofdstuk 4: Mediatisering als mediasociologisch perspectief ............................................. 50
Hjavard: het institutionaliseringsperspectief ................................................................................. 50
Mediatisering als omvattend proces..................................................................................................................50
Belang van media logica .....................................................................................................................................53
1
, Vormen en impact van mediatisering ................................................................................................................55
Directe (sterke) mediatisering .......................................................................................................................55
Indirecte (zwakke) mediatisering ..................................................................................................................56
Schulz onderscheid van mediatisering ...............................................................................................................56
Microsociale impact ......................................................................................................................................58
Macrosociale impact .....................................................................................................................................59
Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 59
Opdrachten: Hoofstuk 4 ............................................................................................................... 60
Hoofdstuk 5: De ‘informatiemaatschappij’ ........................................................................... 64
Kritiek op ‘de informatiemaatschappij’ ......................................................................................... 64
Opvattingen over ‘de informatiemaatschappij’ ............................................................................. 66
Bells postindustriële maatschappij ....................................................................................................................66
Giddens’ reflexieve moderniteit ........................................................................................................................66
Castells’ netwerkmaatschappij ..........................................................................................................................69
Digitale kloof en digitale ongelijkheden ........................................................................................ 71
Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 73
Vragen ................................................................................................................................................................73
Opdrachten: Hoofstuk 5 ............................................................................................................... 74
Hoofdstuk 7: Media, politiek en democratie ......................................................................... 77
Introductie................................................................................................................................... 77
Mediatisering van politiek ............................................................................................................ 79
Habermas’ publieke sfeer ............................................................................................................. 85
Burgerschap, media en engagement ............................................................................................. 87
Introductie .........................................................................................................................................................87
Klassieke vormen ...............................................................................................................................................88
De online belofte................................................................................................................................................89
Bennett & Segerberg: connective action ...........................................................................................................90
Case: De Arabische Lente ...................................................................................................................................94
Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 95
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 7 ............................................................................................................. 96
Hoofdstuk 8: Media en generaties ..................................................................................... 100
Generatie: sociologie, mediasociologie ....................................................................................... 100
Sociologie van de kindertijd ....................................................................................................... 103
Traditionele versus ‘nieuwe’ benadering .........................................................................................................103
Mediatisering van spel: Lego ...........................................................................................................................104
Sociologie van de jeugd .............................................................................................................. 106
Livingstones bedroom culture .........................................................................................................................106
Sociologie van de oudere leeftijd ................................................................................................ 107
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 8 ........................................................................................................... 108
2
, Hoofdstuk 9: Media en sociale relaties ............................................................................... 112
Turkle: Alone Together............................................................................................................... 112
The Robotic Moment .......................................................................................................................................112
Networked .......................................................................................................................................................113
Rainee & Wellman: Networked Individualism ............................................................................. 113
Networked Individualism .................................................................................................................................114
Conlusie: Turkle VS Rainee & Wellman ....................................................................................... 115
Mediatisering van romantiek en dating ...................................................................................... 116
Romantiek als sociaal construct .......................................................................................................................116
Mediatisering van romantiek ...........................................................................................................................117
Algortimes & romantiek ...................................................................................................................................118
Gebruikerservaringen ......................................................................................................................................118
Discussie en conclusie ................................................................................................................ 118
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 9 ........................................................................................................... 119
Hoofdstuk 10: Media en gender ......................................................................................... 121
Theoretische perspectieven ....................................................................................................... 121
Laura Mulvey: ‘Male Gaze’ ...............................................................................................................................125
Judith Butler: Queer Theory .............................................................................................................................126
Gender en representatie ............................................................................................................ 127
Representatie van gender in reclame ..............................................................................................................127
Gender en media-industrie......................................................................................................... 131
Discussie en conclusie ................................................................................................................ 133
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 10 ......................................................................................................... 134
Hoofdstuk 11: Media en etniciteit ...................................................................................... 139
Perspectieven op etniciteit ......................................................................................................... 139
Etniciteit en representatie .......................................................................................................... 140
Kwantiteit: misrepresentatie in aantal.............................................................................................................140
Kwaliteit: misrepresentatie in afbeelding ........................................................................................................141
Strategieën tegen misrepresentatie ................................................................................................................142
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................... 145
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 11 ......................................................................................................... 146
3
2020 - 2021
,Table of Contents
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding mediasociologie .................................................................................. 4
Mediasociologie: de relatie tussen media en maatschappij .............................................................4
Historische relatie tussen mediastudies en sociologie .....................................................................5
Sociologie van de moderne maatschappij .......................................................................................6
Sociologische processen ......................................................................................................................................6
Conclusie .......................................................................................................................................7
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 1 ...............................................................................................................8
Hoofdstuk 2: Decompositie van media ................................................................................. 10
Introductie................................................................................................................................... 10
Media als industrie ...................................................................................................................... 11
Politieke economie van reclame ........................................................................................................................17
Politieke economie van het internet ..................................................................................................................18
Media als inhoud ......................................................................................................................... 19
Semiotiek ...........................................................................................................................................................20
Discoursanalyse..................................................................................................................................................24
Inhoudsanalyse ..................................................................................................................................................25
Media als technologie .................................................................................................................. 26
Media als publiek......................................................................................................................... 27
Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 2 ............................................................................................................. 31
Hoofdstuk 3: Traditionele sociologie als inspiratiebron ........................................................ 36
Giddens: Structuration Theory...................................................................................................... 36
Het structure-agency debat ...............................................................................................................................36
Structuralistische & Voluntaristische theorieën: voorbeelden .....................................................................37
Giddens: Structuration Theory ...........................................................................................................................38
Giddens: Structuration Theory: AGENCY ...........................................................................................................39
Giddens: Structuration Theory: SOCIALE STRUCTUUR .......................................................................................39
Giddens: Conclusie ........................................................................................................................................44
Bourdieu: Field Theory ................................................................................................................. 44
Field theory: formule .........................................................................................................................................45
Habitus ..........................................................................................................................................................45
Veld ...............................................................................................................................................................46
Kapitaal ..........................................................................................................................................................46
Bourdieu conclusie ........................................................................................................................................47
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 3 ............................................................................................................. 48
Hoofdstuk 4: Mediatisering als mediasociologisch perspectief ............................................. 50
Hjavard: het institutionaliseringsperspectief ................................................................................. 50
Mediatisering als omvattend proces..................................................................................................................50
Belang van media logica .....................................................................................................................................53
1
, Vormen en impact van mediatisering ................................................................................................................55
Directe (sterke) mediatisering .......................................................................................................................55
Indirecte (zwakke) mediatisering ..................................................................................................................56
Schulz onderscheid van mediatisering ...............................................................................................................56
Microsociale impact ......................................................................................................................................58
Macrosociale impact .....................................................................................................................................59
Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 59
Opdrachten: Hoofstuk 4 ............................................................................................................... 60
Hoofdstuk 5: De ‘informatiemaatschappij’ ........................................................................... 64
Kritiek op ‘de informatiemaatschappij’ ......................................................................................... 64
Opvattingen over ‘de informatiemaatschappij’ ............................................................................. 66
Bells postindustriële maatschappij ....................................................................................................................66
Giddens’ reflexieve moderniteit ........................................................................................................................66
Castells’ netwerkmaatschappij ..........................................................................................................................69
Digitale kloof en digitale ongelijkheden ........................................................................................ 71
Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 73
Vragen ................................................................................................................................................................73
Opdrachten: Hoofstuk 5 ............................................................................................................... 74
Hoofdstuk 7: Media, politiek en democratie ......................................................................... 77
Introductie................................................................................................................................... 77
Mediatisering van politiek ............................................................................................................ 79
Habermas’ publieke sfeer ............................................................................................................. 85
Burgerschap, media en engagement ............................................................................................. 87
Introductie .........................................................................................................................................................87
Klassieke vormen ...............................................................................................................................................88
De online belofte................................................................................................................................................89
Bennett & Segerberg: connective action ...........................................................................................................90
Case: De Arabische Lente ...................................................................................................................................94
Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 95
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 7 ............................................................................................................. 96
Hoofdstuk 8: Media en generaties ..................................................................................... 100
Generatie: sociologie, mediasociologie ....................................................................................... 100
Sociologie van de kindertijd ....................................................................................................... 103
Traditionele versus ‘nieuwe’ benadering .........................................................................................................103
Mediatisering van spel: Lego ...........................................................................................................................104
Sociologie van de jeugd .............................................................................................................. 106
Livingstones bedroom culture .........................................................................................................................106
Sociologie van de oudere leeftijd ................................................................................................ 107
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 8 ........................................................................................................... 108
2
, Hoofdstuk 9: Media en sociale relaties ............................................................................... 112
Turkle: Alone Together............................................................................................................... 112
The Robotic Moment .......................................................................................................................................112
Networked .......................................................................................................................................................113
Rainee & Wellman: Networked Individualism ............................................................................. 113
Networked Individualism .................................................................................................................................114
Conlusie: Turkle VS Rainee & Wellman ....................................................................................... 115
Mediatisering van romantiek en dating ...................................................................................... 116
Romantiek als sociaal construct .......................................................................................................................116
Mediatisering van romantiek ...........................................................................................................................117
Algortimes & romantiek ...................................................................................................................................118
Gebruikerservaringen ......................................................................................................................................118
Discussie en conclusie ................................................................................................................ 118
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 9 ........................................................................................................... 119
Hoofdstuk 10: Media en gender ......................................................................................... 121
Theoretische perspectieven ....................................................................................................... 121
Laura Mulvey: ‘Male Gaze’ ...............................................................................................................................125
Judith Butler: Queer Theory .............................................................................................................................126
Gender en representatie ............................................................................................................ 127
Representatie van gender in reclame ..............................................................................................................127
Gender en media-industrie......................................................................................................... 131
Discussie en conclusie ................................................................................................................ 133
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 10 ......................................................................................................... 134
Hoofdstuk 11: Media en etniciteit ...................................................................................... 139
Perspectieven op etniciteit ......................................................................................................... 139
Etniciteit en representatie .......................................................................................................... 140
Kwantiteit: misrepresentatie in aantal.............................................................................................................140
Kwaliteit: misrepresentatie in afbeelding ........................................................................................................141
Strategieën tegen misrepresentatie ................................................................................................................142
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................... 145
Opdrachten: Hoofdstuk 11 ......................................................................................................... 146
3
