INHOUD
How do we know things? Sources of knowledge !!! .......................................................................................... 5
Types onderzoek/categorieën ........................................................................................................................ 5
kwalitatief vs kwantitatief onderzoek.............................................................................................................. 6
Kwantitatief onderzoek uses Scientific Method ........................................................................................... 7
Reduce bias! ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Steps in the research process ........................................................................................................................ 8
basic vs applied research .............................................................................................................................. 9
Non clinical vs clinical research ................................................................................................................... 10
frameworks for clinical research ............................................................................................................... 10
Evidence based practice (EBP) .............................................................................................................. 11
Translational research .......................................................................................................................... 11
algemeen Overzicht ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Types of research......................................................................................................................................... 15
Explanatory research ................................................................................................................................ 16
Exploratory research ................................................................................................................................ 17
descriptive research ................................................................................................................................. 18
Onderzoeksvraag maken .............................................................................................................................. 19
Voorbeeld over lockdown: ........................................................................................................................ 20
voorbeeld over explanatory research ......................................................................................................... 20
Stap 4: onderzoeksvraag opstellen - PICO (Explanatory).......................................................................... 21
Stap 4: onderzoeksvraag, objective, hypothesis ...................................................................................... 21
Voorbeeld exploratory research ................................................................................................................ 22
Stap 4 onderzoeksvraag formuleren – PEO (Exploratory) .......................................................................... 22
Onderzoeksvraag formuleren – sleutelwoorden ............................................................................................. 23
What makes a good research question .......................................................................................................... 24
Overzicht begrippen ..................................................................................................................................... 25
measurement .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Measurement-why? .................................................................................................................................. 26
direct vs indirect measures (constructs) .................................................................................................... 27
interpretation – equal values? Smaller/larger? ........................................................................................... 27
Levels of measurement!!!! (NOIR) .............................................................................................................. 28
Voorbeeld chocolade en vragenlijst ....................................................................................................... 28
what do I know with this knowledge? ............................................................................................................. 29
levels of measurement – calculations possible? ............................................................................................ 29
health measurement – how to measure health? deel 2 ................................................................................... 29
1
,types of measurement scales (meetschalen) ................................................................................................ 30
summative scales .................................................................................................................................... 30
summative scales: likert scale ............................................................................................................... 30
visual analog scale (vas) ........................................................................................................................... 31
Variaties van visual analog scale ............................................................................................................ 31
cumulative scale ...................................................................................................................................... 32
health measurement scales – which one to use? ........................................................................................... 32
descriptive statistics deel 3 .......................................................................................................................... 33
descriptive statistics – make chocolate of your data ...................................................................................... 33
descriptive statistics – visualisations !!! ........................................................................................................ 34
Samenvatting overzicht ................................................................................................................................ 35
Descriptive statistics ................................................................................................................................... 36
shapes of distributions ................................................................................................................................. 36
Measures of central tendency....................................................................................................................... 37
Oefening 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 37
Oefening 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 38
shape & measures of central tendency ......................................................................................................... 38
samenvatting............................................................................................................................................... 38
measures of variability ................................................................................................................................. 39
Measures of variability – Range (Bereik) ..................................................................................................... 39
Measures of variability – Percentiles and quartiles...................................................................................... 40
Measures of variability – Variance & Standard deviation!!! ........................................................................... 40
............................................................................................................................................................ 40
Measures of variability – Coëfficiënt of variation ......................................................................................... 42
normaalverdeling ......................................................................................................................................... 43
area under the normal curve !!!! ................................................................................................................ 43
Voorbeelden op examen!! ......................................................................................................................... 44
Populations and Samples (populaties en steekproeven) ................................................................................ 45
the sampling process ................................................................................................................................... 46
How do we choose a sample ........................................................................................................................ 46
translation continuum.................................................................................................................................. 47
examples .................................................................................................................................................... 47
How is the sampling process presented? (Flowchart) .................................................................................... 47
Example inclsuie en exclusiecritria ............................................................................................................... 48
How many participants is enough? ............................................................................................................... 49
Oefening HIIT voor cardio-respiratoire fitness ................................................................................................ 49
what is a good sample .................................................................................................................................. 50
video bekijken met uitleg termen !!! ............................................................................................................... 50
2
,How to select a representative sample? ........................................................................................................ 50
Probability sampling ................................................................................................................................. 51
sample techniques ............................................................................................................................... 51
sampling procedures? .......................................................................................................................... 51
Non probability sampling .......................................................................................................................... 52
!Sampling error aka Sampling variation! ........................................................................................................ 52
!sampling bias! ............................................................................................................................................ 53
video kijken !!!.............................................................................................................................................. 53
inferentiële statistiek ................................................................................................................................... 54
probability (probabiliteit, waarschijnlijkheid) ................................................................................................. 54
probability-voorbeeld handboek ................................................................................................................... 55
Probability – Interpretation and use in research ............................................................................................. 55
what is a sampling distribution?.................................................................................................................... 56
sampling error – sampling distribution of means ............................................................................................ 56
confidence interval (betrouwbaarheidsinterval) ............................................................................................. 57
Hypothesis testing ....................................................................................................................................... 59
hypothesis testing – errors ............................................................................................................................ 60
hypthesis testing – type error 1 .................................................................................................................. 61
hyptohesis testing – type 2 error ................................................................................................................ 61
determinants of statistical power ................................................................................................................. 62
statistical testing – step by step .................................................................................................................... 63
voorbeeld geboortegewicht .......................................................................................................................... 63
one-tailed versus two-tailed hypothesis testing ............................................................................................. 64
parametric versus nonparametric statistics .................................................................................................. 65
reduce bias! ................................................................................................................................................ 66
principles of clinical trials ............................................................................................................................ 66
randomized controlled – or clinical – trial (rct) ............................................................................................... 67
types of clinical trials ................................................................................................................................... 67
rct-what makes an rct an rct? ....................................................................................................................... 68
rct-randomization procedures ...................................................................................................................... 69
rct-randomization procedures ...................................................................................................................... 69
it’s all about reducing bias – allocation concealment ..................................................................................... 70
Control group .............................................................................................................................................. 71
voorbeeld 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 72
Voorbeeld 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 72
it’s all about reducing bias! blinding .............................................................................................................. 73
Flashback ................................................................................................................................................... 73
comparing treatments – better or no worse? .................................................................................................. 74
3
, design validity .............................................................................................................................................. 75
step 1 – statistical conclusion validity ........................................................................................................ 75
step 2 – internal validity ............................................................................................................................ 76
step 2 – internal validity – threats ............................................................................................................... 76
step 3 – construct validity ......................................................................................................................... 76
step 4 – external validity ............................................................................................................................ 77
noncompliance and missing data ................................................................................................................. 77
types of ‘missingness’ and handling missing data .......................................................................................... 78
4
How do we know things? Sources of knowledge !!! .......................................................................................... 5
Types onderzoek/categorieën ........................................................................................................................ 5
kwalitatief vs kwantitatief onderzoek.............................................................................................................. 6
Kwantitatief onderzoek uses Scientific Method ........................................................................................... 7
Reduce bias! ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Steps in the research process ........................................................................................................................ 8
basic vs applied research .............................................................................................................................. 9
Non clinical vs clinical research ................................................................................................................... 10
frameworks for clinical research ............................................................................................................... 10
Evidence based practice (EBP) .............................................................................................................. 11
Translational research .......................................................................................................................... 11
algemeen Overzicht ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Types of research......................................................................................................................................... 15
Explanatory research ................................................................................................................................ 16
Exploratory research ................................................................................................................................ 17
descriptive research ................................................................................................................................. 18
Onderzoeksvraag maken .............................................................................................................................. 19
Voorbeeld over lockdown: ........................................................................................................................ 20
voorbeeld over explanatory research ......................................................................................................... 20
Stap 4: onderzoeksvraag opstellen - PICO (Explanatory).......................................................................... 21
Stap 4: onderzoeksvraag, objective, hypothesis ...................................................................................... 21
Voorbeeld exploratory research ................................................................................................................ 22
Stap 4 onderzoeksvraag formuleren – PEO (Exploratory) .......................................................................... 22
Onderzoeksvraag formuleren – sleutelwoorden ............................................................................................. 23
What makes a good research question .......................................................................................................... 24
Overzicht begrippen ..................................................................................................................................... 25
measurement .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Measurement-why? .................................................................................................................................. 26
direct vs indirect measures (constructs) .................................................................................................... 27
interpretation – equal values? Smaller/larger? ........................................................................................... 27
Levels of measurement!!!! (NOIR) .............................................................................................................. 28
Voorbeeld chocolade en vragenlijst ....................................................................................................... 28
what do I know with this knowledge? ............................................................................................................. 29
levels of measurement – calculations possible? ............................................................................................ 29
health measurement – how to measure health? deel 2 ................................................................................... 29
1
,types of measurement scales (meetschalen) ................................................................................................ 30
summative scales .................................................................................................................................... 30
summative scales: likert scale ............................................................................................................... 30
visual analog scale (vas) ........................................................................................................................... 31
Variaties van visual analog scale ............................................................................................................ 31
cumulative scale ...................................................................................................................................... 32
health measurement scales – which one to use? ........................................................................................... 32
descriptive statistics deel 3 .......................................................................................................................... 33
descriptive statistics – make chocolate of your data ...................................................................................... 33
descriptive statistics – visualisations !!! ........................................................................................................ 34
Samenvatting overzicht ................................................................................................................................ 35
Descriptive statistics ................................................................................................................................... 36
shapes of distributions ................................................................................................................................. 36
Measures of central tendency....................................................................................................................... 37
Oefening 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 37
Oefening 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 38
shape & measures of central tendency ......................................................................................................... 38
samenvatting............................................................................................................................................... 38
measures of variability ................................................................................................................................. 39
Measures of variability – Range (Bereik) ..................................................................................................... 39
Measures of variability – Percentiles and quartiles...................................................................................... 40
Measures of variability – Variance & Standard deviation!!! ........................................................................... 40
............................................................................................................................................................ 40
Measures of variability – Coëfficiënt of variation ......................................................................................... 42
normaalverdeling ......................................................................................................................................... 43
area under the normal curve !!!! ................................................................................................................ 43
Voorbeelden op examen!! ......................................................................................................................... 44
Populations and Samples (populaties en steekproeven) ................................................................................ 45
the sampling process ................................................................................................................................... 46
How do we choose a sample ........................................................................................................................ 46
translation continuum.................................................................................................................................. 47
examples .................................................................................................................................................... 47
How is the sampling process presented? (Flowchart) .................................................................................... 47
Example inclsuie en exclusiecritria ............................................................................................................... 48
How many participants is enough? ............................................................................................................... 49
Oefening HIIT voor cardio-respiratoire fitness ................................................................................................ 49
what is a good sample .................................................................................................................................. 50
video bekijken met uitleg termen !!! ............................................................................................................... 50
2
,How to select a representative sample? ........................................................................................................ 50
Probability sampling ................................................................................................................................. 51
sample techniques ............................................................................................................................... 51
sampling procedures? .......................................................................................................................... 51
Non probability sampling .......................................................................................................................... 52
!Sampling error aka Sampling variation! ........................................................................................................ 52
!sampling bias! ............................................................................................................................................ 53
video kijken !!!.............................................................................................................................................. 53
inferentiële statistiek ................................................................................................................................... 54
probability (probabiliteit, waarschijnlijkheid) ................................................................................................. 54
probability-voorbeeld handboek ................................................................................................................... 55
Probability – Interpretation and use in research ............................................................................................. 55
what is a sampling distribution?.................................................................................................................... 56
sampling error – sampling distribution of means ............................................................................................ 56
confidence interval (betrouwbaarheidsinterval) ............................................................................................. 57
Hypothesis testing ....................................................................................................................................... 59
hypothesis testing – errors ............................................................................................................................ 60
hypthesis testing – type error 1 .................................................................................................................. 61
hyptohesis testing – type 2 error ................................................................................................................ 61
determinants of statistical power ................................................................................................................. 62
statistical testing – step by step .................................................................................................................... 63
voorbeeld geboortegewicht .......................................................................................................................... 63
one-tailed versus two-tailed hypothesis testing ............................................................................................. 64
parametric versus nonparametric statistics .................................................................................................. 65
reduce bias! ................................................................................................................................................ 66
principles of clinical trials ............................................................................................................................ 66
randomized controlled – or clinical – trial (rct) ............................................................................................... 67
types of clinical trials ................................................................................................................................... 67
rct-what makes an rct an rct? ....................................................................................................................... 68
rct-randomization procedures ...................................................................................................................... 69
rct-randomization procedures ...................................................................................................................... 69
it’s all about reducing bias – allocation concealment ..................................................................................... 70
Control group .............................................................................................................................................. 71
voorbeeld 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 72
Voorbeeld 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 72
it’s all about reducing bias! blinding .............................................................................................................. 73
Flashback ................................................................................................................................................... 73
comparing treatments – better or no worse? .................................................................................................. 74
3
, design validity .............................................................................................................................................. 75
step 1 – statistical conclusion validity ........................................................................................................ 75
step 2 – internal validity ............................................................................................................................ 76
step 2 – internal validity – threats ............................................................................................................... 76
step 3 – construct validity ......................................................................................................................... 76
step 4 – external validity ............................................................................................................................ 77
noncompliance and missing data ................................................................................................................. 77
types of ‘missingness’ and handling missing data .......................................................................................... 78
4
