PYC3703 Cognitive Psychology (2021 - Semester 1 and Semester 2 - Assignment 2)

PYC3703 – Cognitive Psychology 2021 - Semester 1 and Semester 2 - Assignment 2 Question 1: Autobiographical memory contains both ... and ... components. 1. remember; know 2. semantic; episodic 3. semanticisation; remote 4. explicit; implicit Question 2: Neuropsychology or cognitive psychology textbooks often describe the case of a patient called H.M., whose memory was affected by neurosurgery. He can recall events prior to surgery, but he can remember only about six new items for a short period. Supporters of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model will cite this case because ... 1. He apparently cannot transfer material from short-term memory to long-term. 2. his semantic memory is much better than his episodic long-term memory. 3. he apparently can shift material directly from sensory memory to long-term memory. 4. the control processes are clearly disassociated from the structural features of his memory processes. Question 3: What is the advantage of trying to learn something using deep (meaning-related) processing rather than strategies like mnemonics? 1. It helps keep track of the order of learned items. 2. It is better at preventing ‘remembering’ details that were never actually present but fit with the meaning of the items. 3. It creates more retrieval paths for the memory. 4. It relies less on having background knowledge about the topic being learned. Question 4: Early research on the frontal lobe and memory was carried out on monkeys using a task called the ..., which required a monkey to hold information in working memory during a delay period. 1. execuative attention and object representation task 2. decoding procedure 3. delayed-response task 4. semanticisation Question 5: Autobiographical memory research shows that a person’s brain is more extensively activated when reviewing photos... 1. the person has seen before. 2. of familiar places. 3. they took themselves. 4. the person has never seen before. Question 6: For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for ... 1. childhood and adolescence. 2. adolescence and young adulthood. 3. young adulthood and middle age, 4. childhood and middle age. Question 7: Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their university careers shows that ... in people’s lives appear to be particularly memorable. 1. trauma-based experiences 2. family-centred challenges 3. the freshman year 4. transition point Question 8: The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the ‘good old days’ reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that ... 1. life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. 2. memory for live events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. 3. people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. 4. our memories change as we live longer and have more ‘lifetime periods’ to draw events from. Question 9: Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? 1. Retiring from work at age 40. 2. Marrying at age 60. 3. Graduating from university at age 22. 4. Having a child at age 45. Question 10: The fact that we often remember more emotional than neutral words or pictures in a laboratory memory task has been attributed to ... 1. increased amygdala activation and increased cortisol release. 2. increased amygdala activation and decreased cortisol release. 3. decreased amygdala activation and decreased cortisol release. 4. decreased amygdala activation and increased cortisol release. Question 11: Stanny and Johnson’s (2000) ‘weapon focus’ experiment, investigating memory for crime stories, found that ... 1. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. 2. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. 3. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. 4. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. Question 12: Julia is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Julia retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because ... 1. the solution is immediately obvious. 2. there is an obstacle between the present state and the gold state. 3. the initial state is not clearly defined. 4. the goal state is not clearly defined. Question 13: Memory is better if you are asked to relate to a word to yourself, is an example of what kind of encoding effect? 1. self-reference 2. generation 3. retrieval 4. enactment Question 14: Insight refers to ... 1. prior learning facilitating problem solving. 2. prior learning hindering problem solving. 3. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. 4. the sudden realization of a problem’s solution. Question 15: One way to determine whether restructuring has taken place during problem solving is ... 1. comparing reaction time for insight and non-insight problem tasks. 2. asking participants during problem solving to rate how close they think they are to solving the problem. 3. asking participants during problem solving to rate the importance of certain problem elements for finding the solution. 4. providing implicit cues to the participants as to how they could solve the problem. Question 16: Research has shows that memory is better when studying is broken into a number of short sessions,, with breaks in between, than when it is concentrated in one long session, even if the total study time is the same. This advantage for short study sessions is called the ... 1. generation effect 2. interrogation effect 3. spacing effect 4. illusions effect Question 17: Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? 1. Tower of Hanoi problem. 2. Two-string problem. 3. Mutilated checkerboard problem. 4. The radiation problem. Question 18: The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from ... 1. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. 2. being able to solve other problems at all. 3. understanding why the procedure works successfully. 4. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems. Question 19: People who have practiced mindfulness have been found to solve problems ... 1. more flexibly 2. more spontaneously 3. more decisively 4. more meaningfully Question 20: Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves ... reasoning. 1. deductive 2. syllogistic 3. inductive 4. connective Question 21: Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in London, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in London tomorrow. 1. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. 2. The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence. 3. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. 4. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations. Question 22: Jonas and Sophie are out on a date. When Sophie asks Jonas where they should go for dinner, Jonas says “My colleagues keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat.” Jonas’s response illustrates the use of a(n) ... 1. availability heuristic 2. confirmation bias 3. conjunction rule 4. permission schema Question 23: Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT ... 1. the availability heuristic 2. illusory correlations 3. selective attention 4. the falsification principle Question 24: Nick was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: “O had a huge tuna on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The tuna swam away across the pond.” Nick’s friend, Matt, didn’t believe his story because Matt knew that tuna are salt-water fish and aren’t found in ponds. Nick’s account contains ... 1. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information. 2. a belief bias. 3. inductive reasoning based on observation of multiple, specific cases. 4. a focusing illusion. Question 25: The conjunction rule states that ... 1. the probability of two-event co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring. 2. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone. 3. people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices. 4. people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively. Question 26: Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people ... 1. do not always make decisions that maximise their monetary outcome. 2. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat. 3. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide. 4. can site several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side. Question 27: In Lindsay’s (1990) ‘misinformation effect’ experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was ... 1. visual 2. auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker. 3. auditory from a female speaker. 4. auditory from a male speaker. Question 28: The validity of a syllogism depends on ... 1. the truth of its premises. 2. the truth of its conclusion. 3. its form. 4. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion. Question 29: The ... refers to the observation that the presence of a weapon impairs eyewitness recall for the details of the crime scene, including those associated with the perpetrator’s face. 1. familiarity effect 2. suggestion effect 3. weapon focus effect 4. post-identification feedback effect Question 30: Iyengar and Lepper (2000) showed that having more choice often leads to ... 1. more purchasing and more satisfaction with the chosen alternatives. 2. more purchasing but less satisfaction with the chosen alternatives. 3. less purchasing and less satisfaction with the chosen alternatives. 4. less purchasing but more satisfaction with the chosen alternative.