Ideology essay plans
1. Is modern liberalism different to classical liberalism? To what extent is
Modern Liberalism a departure from liberal principles?
2. To what extent do different conservatives agree on the importance of
paternalism?
3. Paternalism
4. To what extent do Conservatives agree about the state’s role in the
economy?
5. To what extent do Socialists agree about the economy?
6. To what extent to modern and classical liberals agree over the nature
of the state?
7. To what extent do different Conservatives agree about human nature?
8. To what extent do classical and modern liberals agree about freedom?
9. To what extent do different Conservatives agree on pragmatism?
10. To what extent do liberals agree over the nature of the economy?
11. To what extent do different socialists disagree over the role of the
state?
12. To what extent are different socialists committed to common
ownership?
13. To what extent do different socialists agree about the nature of
equality?
14. To what extent do different socialists agree about the nature of
equality of outcome?
15. To what extent do different liberals agree on equality?
16. To what extent is conservatism an internally coherent ideology?
Is modern liberalism different to classical liberalism? To what
extent is Modern Liberalism a departure from liberal principles?
Classical
- Stem from enlightenment, rejected traditional monarchic society for
meritocratic and tolerant society, negative freedom, laissez faire,
minimal state
Modern
- Modernising world of industrialisation, inequality from war which
increased class differences and reduced freedom for WC, positive
freedom, cradle to grave, managed economy
Yes
- They interpret freedom differently – classical argues for negative
freedom whereas modern argues of positive
- State -Classicals argue for minimal state – no intervention,
negative freedom to remove interferences as state will remove self-
reliance and increase dependency when individuals are capable,
state could become oppressive with power, corrupt and state should
only protect human rights John Locke but modern liberals argue for
enabling state – improves equality of opportunity, provide social
justice through education, free healthcare, cradle to grave – helps
developmental individualism, reach potential, JS MILL, benefits
society
, - Classicals view taxation as infringement on negative freedom but
moderns believe taxation is a key process for the implementation of
positive freedom
- Economy - Classicals favour laissez-faire economics – unregulated,
no intervention to maximise freedom and self-reliance, prevents on
group having too much power and increases freedom, Adam Smith
who supports self-regulating economy but moderns are prepared to
use Keynesian economics in situations e.g. aftermath of recession,
involves elements of government intervention in economy to
provide social justice, Rawls and his veil theory that society would
have focus to help poor
- Classical liberals prefer limited forms of democracy so elite groups
retain power but modern embraces full representative democracy
No
- Human nature Both strands of liberalism have a positive view of
human nature and human potential – rational and capable showing
same ideas, JS Mill,
- Both strands of liberalism believe in rationalism, the harm principle and
tolerance of minority groups – this is why both strands like
representative democracy which takes all members into account –
slight departure where modern believe humans can be altruistic but
classical believe we are self-seeking
- Limited Government - Both strands agree on the principle of
government by consent and the concept of limited government
(although their definition of limited differs) – prevent too much power,
whole society represented with democratic government, consent of
government so it can be restrained John Locke social contract idea,
slight departure where modern support representative democracy but
classical like limited democracy so elites obtain power
- Individualism is a primary goal for both strands of liberalism but their
methods of achieving it differs
- Both strands are enthusiastic supporters of capitalism and the free
market and oppose nationalism
Conclusion
- Differences over state and economy but fundamental views same
showing a continuation over time rather than contradiction as still both
aim for equality and freedom
- Share view on positive human nature and limited government showing
key tenets same but different views in order to achieve goals
- Model takes into account inequality today unlike classical – doesn’t
acknowledge inequality today
To what extent do different conservatives agree on the
importance of paternalism?
Paternalism
Tenet refers to exercise of authority over others for the purpose of
protecting and disciplining them in a fatherly fashion, wealthy and
1. Is modern liberalism different to classical liberalism? To what extent is
Modern Liberalism a departure from liberal principles?
2. To what extent do different conservatives agree on the importance of
paternalism?
3. Paternalism
4. To what extent do Conservatives agree about the state’s role in the
economy?
5. To what extent do Socialists agree about the economy?
6. To what extent to modern and classical liberals agree over the nature
of the state?
7. To what extent do different Conservatives agree about human nature?
8. To what extent do classical and modern liberals agree about freedom?
9. To what extent do different Conservatives agree on pragmatism?
10. To what extent do liberals agree over the nature of the economy?
11. To what extent do different socialists disagree over the role of the
state?
12. To what extent are different socialists committed to common
ownership?
13. To what extent do different socialists agree about the nature of
equality?
14. To what extent do different socialists agree about the nature of
equality of outcome?
15. To what extent do different liberals agree on equality?
16. To what extent is conservatism an internally coherent ideology?
Is modern liberalism different to classical liberalism? To what
extent is Modern Liberalism a departure from liberal principles?
Classical
- Stem from enlightenment, rejected traditional monarchic society for
meritocratic and tolerant society, negative freedom, laissez faire,
minimal state
Modern
- Modernising world of industrialisation, inequality from war which
increased class differences and reduced freedom for WC, positive
freedom, cradle to grave, managed economy
Yes
- They interpret freedom differently – classical argues for negative
freedom whereas modern argues of positive
- State -Classicals argue for minimal state – no intervention,
negative freedom to remove interferences as state will remove self-
reliance and increase dependency when individuals are capable,
state could become oppressive with power, corrupt and state should
only protect human rights John Locke but modern liberals argue for
enabling state – improves equality of opportunity, provide social
justice through education, free healthcare, cradle to grave – helps
developmental individualism, reach potential, JS MILL, benefits
society
, - Classicals view taxation as infringement on negative freedom but
moderns believe taxation is a key process for the implementation of
positive freedom
- Economy - Classicals favour laissez-faire economics – unregulated,
no intervention to maximise freedom and self-reliance, prevents on
group having too much power and increases freedom, Adam Smith
who supports self-regulating economy but moderns are prepared to
use Keynesian economics in situations e.g. aftermath of recession,
involves elements of government intervention in economy to
provide social justice, Rawls and his veil theory that society would
have focus to help poor
- Classical liberals prefer limited forms of democracy so elite groups
retain power but modern embraces full representative democracy
No
- Human nature Both strands of liberalism have a positive view of
human nature and human potential – rational and capable showing
same ideas, JS Mill,
- Both strands of liberalism believe in rationalism, the harm principle and
tolerance of minority groups – this is why both strands like
representative democracy which takes all members into account –
slight departure where modern believe humans can be altruistic but
classical believe we are self-seeking
- Limited Government - Both strands agree on the principle of
government by consent and the concept of limited government
(although their definition of limited differs) – prevent too much power,
whole society represented with democratic government, consent of
government so it can be restrained John Locke social contract idea,
slight departure where modern support representative democracy but
classical like limited democracy so elites obtain power
- Individualism is a primary goal for both strands of liberalism but their
methods of achieving it differs
- Both strands are enthusiastic supporters of capitalism and the free
market and oppose nationalism
Conclusion
- Differences over state and economy but fundamental views same
showing a continuation over time rather than contradiction as still both
aim for equality and freedom
- Share view on positive human nature and limited government showing
key tenets same but different views in order to achieve goals
- Model takes into account inequality today unlike classical – doesn’t
acknowledge inequality today
To what extent do different conservatives agree on the
importance of paternalism?
Paternalism
Tenet refers to exercise of authority over others for the purpose of
protecting and disciplining them in a fatherly fashion, wealthy and
