2026 UPDATE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
Alphabetic Principle - ANSWERS-an understanding that letters and letter
patterns represent the sounds of spoken words.
Ehri's Phases of Word Development - ANSWERS-shows how children progress
from recognizing words as visual symbols to understanding the alphabetic
principle, which is the concept that letters and letter patterns represent the
sounds of spoken language.
The Tolman Hourglass Model - ANSWERS-shows how reading skills develop
sequentially, starting with general language abilities (phonological
awareness) and focusing on specific phonemic awareness before broadening
again to fluent reading, spelling, and understanding (orthography).
Phoneme - ANSWERS-smallest unit of sound
Grapheme - ANSWERS-the smallest part of written language that represents
a phoneme in the spelling of a word.
Prosody - ANSWERS-reading with appropriate expression, intonation, and
phrasing.
Transcription - ANSWERS-the process of converting spoken sounds into
written symbols or letters.
Composition - ANSWERS-the process of creating written text by organizing
and expressing ideas coherently.
, text structure - ANSWERS-how a text is organized, such as using sequences,
causes and effects, problems and solutions, or comparisons.
Oral Communication - ANSWERS-Includes reading, discussions, and
storytelling activities.
language acquisition - ANSWERS-process in which students acquire the
ability to comprehend language, and have the skills necessary to use words
and sentences to communicate.
four-part processor - ANSWERS-a framework that describes how the brain
processes written language involving phonological, orthographic, meaning,
and context processors working together to facilitate reading.
Orthographic Processor - ANSWERS-the part of the brain that helps us
recognize and remember the visual patterns of written words and letters.
Phonological Processor - ANSWERS-· the part of the brain that helps us
recognize, remember, and work with the sounds in spoken language.
Meaning Processor - ANSWERS-the part of the brain that helps us understand
and interpret the meanings of words and sentences.
Context Processor - ANSWERS-· the part of the brain that helps us
understand words and sentences based on the surrounding text and overall
situation.
Syntax - ANSWERS-the structure, arrangement, and organization of words
into phrases, clauses, and sentences in a language.