BIOLOGY THIRTEENTH EDITION
(MCGRAW HILL) REVIEW EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED
A+ SURE PASS
(Reviewn1.1)nBiologynunifiesnmuchnofnnaturalnsciencen-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnThenstudynofnbiologicalnsystemsnisninterdisciplinarynbecausensolutionsnrequir
enmanyndifferentnapproachesntonsolvenanproblem.
(Reviewn1.1)nLifendefiesnsimplendefinitionn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnAlthoughnlifenisndifficultntondefine,nlivingnsystemsnhavensevenncharacteristicsni
nncommon.nTheynarencomposednofnonenornmorencells;narencomplexnandnhighlynordered;ncannrespo
ndntonstimuli;ncanngrow,nreproduce,nandntransmitngeneticninformationntontheirnoffspring;nneednene
rgyntonaccomplishnwork;ncannmaintainnrelativelynconstantninternalnconditionsn(homeostasis);nandn
arencapablenofnevolutionarynadaptationntonthenenvironment.
(Reviewn1.1)nLivingnsystemsnshownhierarchicalnorganizationn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnThenhierarchicalnorganizationnofnlivingnsystemsnprogressesnfromnatomsntonth
enbiosphere.nAtneachnhighernlevel,nemergentnpropertiesnarisenthatnarengreaternthannthensumnofnthe
nparts.
(Reviewn1.2)nThenNaturenofnSciencen-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnAtnitsncore,nsciencenisnconcernednwithnunderstandingnthennaturenofnthenworl
dnbynusingnobservationnandnreasoning.
(Reviewn1.2)nMuchnofnsciencenisndescriptiven-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnSciencenisnconcernednwithndevelopingnannincreasinglynaccuratendescriptionn
ofnnaturenthroughnobservationnandnexperimentation.
,(Reviewn1.2)nSciencenusesnbothndeductivenandninductivenreasoningn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnDeductivenreasoningnappliesngeneralnprinciplesntonpredictnspecificnresults.nIn
ductivenreasoningnusesnspecificnobservationsntonconstructngeneralnscientificnprinicples.
(Reviewn1.2)nHypothesis-drivennsciencenmakesnandntestsnpredictionsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnHypothesesnarenbasednonnobservations,nandngeneratentestablenpredictions.n
Experimentsninvolvenantestnwherenanvariablenisnmanipulated,nandnancontrolnwherenthenvariablenisnn
otnmanipulated.nIfnthenpredictionsncannotnbenverifiednthenhypothesisnisnrejected.
(Reviewn1.2)nReductionismnbreaksnlargernsystemsnintontheirncomponentnpartsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnReductionismnattemptsntonunderstandnancomplexnsystemnbynbreakingnitndow
nnintonitsncomponentnparts.nItnisnlimitednbecausenpartsnmaynactndifferentlynwhennisolatednfromnthe
nlargernsystem.
(Reviewn1.2)nBiologistsnconstructnmodelsntonexplainnlivingnsystemsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnAnmodelnprovidesnanwaynofnorganizingnournthinkingnaboutnanproblem;nmodel
snmaynalsonsuggestnexperimentalnapproaches.
(Reviewn1.2)nThennaturenofnscientificntheoriesn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnScientistsnusenthenwordntheoryninntwonmainnways:nasnanproposednexplanatio
nnfornsomennaturalnphenomenonnandnasnanbodynofnconceptsnthatnexplainsnfactsninnannareanofnstud
y.
(Reviewn1.2)nResearchncannbenbasicnornappliedn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnBasicnresearchnextendsnthenboundariesnofnwhatnwenknow;nappliednresearchns
eeksntonusenscientificnfindingsninnpracticalnareasnsuchnasnagriculture,nmedicine,nandnindustry.
(Reviewn1.4)nLifenisnsubjectntonchemicalnandnphysicalnlawsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnAllnlivingnsystemsnfunctionnbasednonnthenlawsnofnchemistrynandnphysics.
,(Reviewn1.4)nStructurendeterminesnfunctionn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnThenfunctionnofnmacromoleculesnisndictatednbynandndependentnonntheirnstru
cture.nSimilaritynofnstructurenandnfunctionnmaynindicatenannevolutionarynrelationship.
(Reviewn1.4)nLivingnsystemsntransformnenergynandnmattern-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnLivingnsystemsnhavenanconstantnneednfornenergy,nwhichnisnultimatelynprovide
dnbynthensun.nThennaturenofnlifenisntonconstantlyntransformnenergy.nWenbreakndownnfoodnmolecule
sntonprovidenenergyntonbuildnupncomplexnstructures.
(Reviewn1.4)nLivingnsystemsndependnonninformationntransactionsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnHereditaryninformationnfoundninnthenDNAnmoleculenisnpassednonnfromnoneng
enerationntonthennext.nThisninformationnisnreadnoutntonproducenproteins,nwhichnthemselvesnhaveni
nformationninntheirnstructures.nLivingnsystemsncannalsonacquireninformationnaboutntheirnenvironm
ent.
(Reviewn1.4)nEvolutionnexplainsnthenunitynandndiversitynofnlifen-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnThenunderlyingnsimilaritiesninnbiochemistrynandngeneticsnsupportnthenconten
tionnthatnallnlifenevolvednfromnansinglensource.nThendiversitynfoundninnlivingnsystemsnarisesnbynevol
utionarynchange.
(Reviewn2.1)nThenNaturenofnAtomsn-nCORRECTnANSWERSnAllnmatternisncomposednofnatoms.
(Reviewn2.1)nAtomicnstructurenincludesnancentralnnucleusnandnorbitingnelectronsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSn"Electricallynneutralnatomsnhaventhensamennumbernofnprotonsnasnelectrons.n
Atomsnthatngainnornlosenelectronsnarencallednions.
Elementsnarendefinednbynthennumbernofnprotonsninnthennucleus,nthenatomicnnumber.nAtomicnmass
nisnthensumnofnthenmassnofnprotonsnandnneutrons.nIsotopesnarenformsnofnansinglenelementnwithndiff
erentnatomicnmassnduentondifferentnnumbersnofnneutrons.nRadioactivenisotopsenarenunstable."
, (Reviewn2.1)nElectronsndeterminenthenchemicalnbehaviornofnatomsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnThenpotentialnenergynofnelectronsnincreasesnasndistancenfromnthennucleusnin
creases.nElectronnorbitalsnarenprobabilityndistributions.nSnorbitalsnarenspherical;nothernorbitalsnhav
endifferentnshapes,nsuchnasnthendumbbell-shapednpnorbitals.
(Reviewn2.1)nAtomsncontainndiscretenenergynlevelsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSn"Energynlevelsncorrespondntonquantan(singular,nquantum)nofnenergy,nan""ladd
er""nofnenergynlevelsnthatnannelectronnmaynhave.
Thenlossnofnelectronsnfromnannatomnisncallednoxidation.nThengainnofnelectronsnisncallednreduction.nE
lectronsncannbentransferrednfromnonenatomntonanotherninncouplednredoxnreactions."
(Reviewn2.2)nThenperiodicntablendisplaysnelementsnaccordingntonatomicnnumbernandnpropertiesn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSn"Atomsntendntonestablishncompletelynfullnouternenergynlevelsn(thenoctetnrule)
.nElementsnwithnfillednoutermostnorbitalsnareninert.
Therenaren94nnaturallynoccuringnelements.nTwelvenofnthesenelementsnarenfoundninnlivingnorganism
sninngreaternthanntracenamounts:nO,nC,nH,nN,nP,nS,nNa,nK,nCa,nMg,nFe,nandnCl.
Compoundsnofncarbonnarencallednorganicncompounds.nThenmajoritynofnmoleculesninnlivingnsystem
snarencomposednofnCnboundntonH,nO,nandnN."
(Reviewn2.3)nThenNaturenofnChemicalnBondsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnMoleculesncontainntwonornmorenatomsnjoinednbynchemicalnbonds.nCompoun
dsncontainntwonornmorendifferentnelements.
(Reviewn2.3)nIonicnbondsnformncrystalsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnIonsnwithnoppositenelectricalnchargesnformnionicnbonds,nsuchnasnNaCl.
(MCGRAW HILL) REVIEW EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED
A+ SURE PASS
(Reviewn1.1)nBiologynunifiesnmuchnofnnaturalnsciencen-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnThenstudynofnbiologicalnsystemsnisninterdisciplinarynbecausensolutionsnrequir
enmanyndifferentnapproachesntonsolvenanproblem.
(Reviewn1.1)nLifendefiesnsimplendefinitionn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnAlthoughnlifenisndifficultntondefine,nlivingnsystemsnhavensevenncharacteristicsni
nncommon.nTheynarencomposednofnonenornmorencells;narencomplexnandnhighlynordered;ncannrespo
ndntonstimuli;ncanngrow,nreproduce,nandntransmitngeneticninformationntontheirnoffspring;nneednene
rgyntonaccomplishnwork;ncannmaintainnrelativelynconstantninternalnconditionsn(homeostasis);nandn
arencapablenofnevolutionarynadaptationntonthenenvironment.
(Reviewn1.1)nLivingnsystemsnshownhierarchicalnorganizationn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnThenhierarchicalnorganizationnofnlivingnsystemsnprogressesnfromnatomsntonth
enbiosphere.nAtneachnhighernlevel,nemergentnpropertiesnarisenthatnarengreaternthannthensumnofnthe
nparts.
(Reviewn1.2)nThenNaturenofnSciencen-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnAtnitsncore,nsciencenisnconcernednwithnunderstandingnthennaturenofnthenworl
dnbynusingnobservationnandnreasoning.
(Reviewn1.2)nMuchnofnsciencenisndescriptiven-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnSciencenisnconcernednwithndevelopingnannincreasinglynaccuratendescriptionn
ofnnaturenthroughnobservationnandnexperimentation.
,(Reviewn1.2)nSciencenusesnbothndeductivenandninductivenreasoningn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnDeductivenreasoningnappliesngeneralnprinciplesntonpredictnspecificnresults.nIn
ductivenreasoningnusesnspecificnobservationsntonconstructngeneralnscientificnprinicples.
(Reviewn1.2)nHypothesis-drivennsciencenmakesnandntestsnpredictionsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnHypothesesnarenbasednonnobservations,nandngeneratentestablenpredictions.n
Experimentsninvolvenantestnwherenanvariablenisnmanipulated,nandnancontrolnwherenthenvariablenisnn
otnmanipulated.nIfnthenpredictionsncannotnbenverifiednthenhypothesisnisnrejected.
(Reviewn1.2)nReductionismnbreaksnlargernsystemsnintontheirncomponentnpartsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnReductionismnattemptsntonunderstandnancomplexnsystemnbynbreakingnitndow
nnintonitsncomponentnparts.nItnisnlimitednbecausenpartsnmaynactndifferentlynwhennisolatednfromnthe
nlargernsystem.
(Reviewn1.2)nBiologistsnconstructnmodelsntonexplainnlivingnsystemsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnAnmodelnprovidesnanwaynofnorganizingnournthinkingnaboutnanproblem;nmodel
snmaynalsonsuggestnexperimentalnapproaches.
(Reviewn1.2)nThennaturenofnscientificntheoriesn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnScientistsnusenthenwordntheoryninntwonmainnways:nasnanproposednexplanatio
nnfornsomennaturalnphenomenonnandnasnanbodynofnconceptsnthatnexplainsnfactsninnannareanofnstud
y.
(Reviewn1.2)nResearchncannbenbasicnornappliedn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnBasicnresearchnextendsnthenboundariesnofnwhatnwenknow;nappliednresearchns
eeksntonusenscientificnfindingsninnpracticalnareasnsuchnasnagriculture,nmedicine,nandnindustry.
(Reviewn1.4)nLifenisnsubjectntonchemicalnandnphysicalnlawsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnAllnlivingnsystemsnfunctionnbasednonnthenlawsnofnchemistrynandnphysics.
,(Reviewn1.4)nStructurendeterminesnfunctionn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnThenfunctionnofnmacromoleculesnisndictatednbynandndependentnonntheirnstru
cture.nSimilaritynofnstructurenandnfunctionnmaynindicatenannevolutionarynrelationship.
(Reviewn1.4)nLivingnsystemsntransformnenergynandnmattern-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnLivingnsystemsnhavenanconstantnneednfornenergy,nwhichnisnultimatelynprovide
dnbynthensun.nThennaturenofnlifenisntonconstantlyntransformnenergy.nWenbreakndownnfoodnmolecule
sntonprovidenenergyntonbuildnupncomplexnstructures.
(Reviewn1.4)nLivingnsystemsndependnonninformationntransactionsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnHereditaryninformationnfoundninnthenDNAnmoleculenisnpassednonnfromnoneng
enerationntonthennext.nThisninformationnisnreadnoutntonproducenproteins,nwhichnthemselvesnhaveni
nformationninntheirnstructures.nLivingnsystemsncannalsonacquireninformationnaboutntheirnenvironm
ent.
(Reviewn1.4)nEvolutionnexplainsnthenunitynandndiversitynofnlifen-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnThenunderlyingnsimilaritiesninnbiochemistrynandngeneticsnsupportnthenconten
tionnthatnallnlifenevolvednfromnansinglensource.nThendiversitynfoundninnlivingnsystemsnarisesnbynevol
utionarynchange.
(Reviewn2.1)nThenNaturenofnAtomsn-nCORRECTnANSWERSnAllnmatternisncomposednofnatoms.
(Reviewn2.1)nAtomicnstructurenincludesnancentralnnucleusnandnorbitingnelectronsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSn"Electricallynneutralnatomsnhaventhensamennumbernofnprotonsnasnelectrons.n
Atomsnthatngainnornlosenelectronsnarencallednions.
Elementsnarendefinednbynthennumbernofnprotonsninnthennucleus,nthenatomicnnumber.nAtomicnmass
nisnthensumnofnthenmassnofnprotonsnandnneutrons.nIsotopesnarenformsnofnansinglenelementnwithndiff
erentnatomicnmassnduentondifferentnnumbersnofnneutrons.nRadioactivenisotopsenarenunstable."
, (Reviewn2.1)nElectronsndeterminenthenchemicalnbehaviornofnatomsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnThenpotentialnenergynofnelectronsnincreasesnasndistancenfromnthennucleusnin
creases.nElectronnorbitalsnarenprobabilityndistributions.nSnorbitalsnarenspherical;nothernorbitalsnhav
endifferentnshapes,nsuchnasnthendumbbell-shapednpnorbitals.
(Reviewn2.1)nAtomsncontainndiscretenenergynlevelsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSn"Energynlevelsncorrespondntonquantan(singular,nquantum)nofnenergy,nan""ladd
er""nofnenergynlevelsnthatnannelectronnmaynhave.
Thenlossnofnelectronsnfromnannatomnisncallednoxidation.nThengainnofnelectronsnisncallednreduction.nE
lectronsncannbentransferrednfromnonenatomntonanotherninncouplednredoxnreactions."
(Reviewn2.2)nThenperiodicntablendisplaysnelementsnaccordingntonatomicnnumbernandnpropertiesn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSn"Atomsntendntonestablishncompletelynfullnouternenergynlevelsn(thenoctetnrule)
.nElementsnwithnfillednoutermostnorbitalsnareninert.
Therenaren94nnaturallynoccuringnelements.nTwelvenofnthesenelementsnarenfoundninnlivingnorganism
sninngreaternthanntracenamounts:nO,nC,nH,nN,nP,nS,nNa,nK,nCa,nMg,nFe,nandnCl.
Compoundsnofncarbonnarencallednorganicncompounds.nThenmajoritynofnmoleculesninnlivingnsystem
snarencomposednofnCnboundntonH,nO,nandnN."
(Reviewn2.3)nThenNaturenofnChemicalnBondsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnMoleculesncontainntwonornmorenatomsnjoinednbynchemicalnbonds.nCompoun
dsncontainntwonornmorendifferentnelements.
(Reviewn2.3)nIonicnbondsnformncrystalsn-
nCORRECTnANSWERSnIonsnwithnoppositenelectricalnchargesnformnionicnbonds,nsuchnasnNaCl.
