EXAM 2 GENETICS PORTAGE LEARNING
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ cancer. Answer: a group of genetic diseases that behave different
depending on the cell of origin. usually result from accumulation of
mutated genes
⩥ cancer cells. Answer: 1. uncontrollable abnormal cell growth
(proliferation)
2. defects in restraint of localized growth (metastasis)
⩥ secondary tumors. Answer: a tumor breaks off into the blood stream
of lymph system to invade other tissues and form masses, malignant.
⩥ Origin of cancer. Answer: arises from a common ancestor cell that
accumulated cancer causing mutations (clonal)
⩥ clonal. Answer: a single cell is responsible for the origin of cancer
⩥ philidelphia chromosome. Answer: Translocation of a gene segment
of chromosomes 9&22. BCR- ABL fusion is a hallmark of leukemias.
, supports idea that certain mutations (and therefore certain clonal
mutations) cause certain cancers,
⩥ driver mutations. Answer: grant growth advantage to cell and allow to
proliferate and spread. (while thousands of somatic cell mutations exist
in cancer pts, there are 2-8 mutations responsible for cancer phenotype).
⩥ passeneger mutations. Answer: account for most mutations within a
cancer cell. accumulate from disrepair. do not contribute to phenotype of
cancer. (if growth adv mutates, it may still become clonal and
contribute)
⩥ cancer stem cell hypothesis. Answer: each cancer cell can divide into
more cancer cells. and there are a subset of stem cell resembling cancer
cells
⩥ Stem cells. Answer: undifferentiated cells with ability to self renew.
immortal.
⩥ age. Answer: age and cancer correlation supports the idea that it
results from accumulation of mutations. otherwise young and old would
develop it all the same
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ cancer. Answer: a group of genetic diseases that behave different
depending on the cell of origin. usually result from accumulation of
mutated genes
⩥ cancer cells. Answer: 1. uncontrollable abnormal cell growth
(proliferation)
2. defects in restraint of localized growth (metastasis)
⩥ secondary tumors. Answer: a tumor breaks off into the blood stream
of lymph system to invade other tissues and form masses, malignant.
⩥ Origin of cancer. Answer: arises from a common ancestor cell that
accumulated cancer causing mutations (clonal)
⩥ clonal. Answer: a single cell is responsible for the origin of cancer
⩥ philidelphia chromosome. Answer: Translocation of a gene segment
of chromosomes 9&22. BCR- ABL fusion is a hallmark of leukemias.
, supports idea that certain mutations (and therefore certain clonal
mutations) cause certain cancers,
⩥ driver mutations. Answer: grant growth advantage to cell and allow to
proliferate and spread. (while thousands of somatic cell mutations exist
in cancer pts, there are 2-8 mutations responsible for cancer phenotype).
⩥ passeneger mutations. Answer: account for most mutations within a
cancer cell. accumulate from disrepair. do not contribute to phenotype of
cancer. (if growth adv mutates, it may still become clonal and
contribute)
⩥ cancer stem cell hypothesis. Answer: each cancer cell can divide into
more cancer cells. and there are a subset of stem cell resembling cancer
cells
⩥ Stem cells. Answer: undifferentiated cells with ability to self renew.
immortal.
⩥ age. Answer: age and cancer correlation supports the idea that it
results from accumulation of mutations. otherwise young and old would
develop it all the same
