Samenvatting - Research
Methods for the Behavioral
Sciences
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 3: defining and mesuring variables.............................................6
3.1 Constructen en operationele definities...............................................6
Theorien en constructen........................................................................6
Operationele definities...........................................................................7
Beperkingen operationele definities......................................................7
Hoe kom je tot een operationele definitie?............................................8
3.2 Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid.............................................................8
Consistentie van een relatie tussen 2 metingen....................................8
Indruksvaliditeit (face validity)..............................................................9
Concurrente validiteit (concurrent validity)...........................................9
Predictieve validiteit............................................................................10
Construct validiteit (construct validity)................................................10
Convergente validiteit.........................................................................10
Divergente validiteit............................................................................11
Betrouwbaarheid..................................................................................11
Relatie tussen validiteit – betrouwbaarheid............................................12
3.3 Meetschalen......................................................................................13
Nominale meetschaal.............................................................................13
Ordinale meetschaal...............................................................................13
Interval meetschaal................................................................................14
Ratio meetschaal....................................................................................14
Interval vs ratio meetschaal...................................................................14
Meetschalen.........................................................................................15
3.4 Meetmodaliteiten..............................................................................16
Zelfrapportage.....................................................................................16
Fysiologie.............................................................................................16
Gedragsmaten.....................................................................................17
, 3.5 Andere aspecten van meten.............................................................17
Multiple metingen................................................................................17
Sensitiviteit..........................................................................................17
Artefacten............................................................................................18
Een meetprocedure kiezen..................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 5................................................................................................20
Inleiding..................................................................................................20
Populations and sampling:......................................................................20
Representative sampling........................................................................21
Definities..............................................................................................22
Steekproefgrootte...................................................................................22
Basis van steekproeftrekking..................................................................23
Probabilistische steekproef..................................................................23
Niet-probabilistische steekproef..........................................................24
Definities..............................................................................................24
5.2 Propability Sampling methods..........................................................25
Eenvoudige aselecte steekproef (Simple Random Sampling)..............25
Systematische steekproef (Systematic Sampling)...............................26
Gestratificeerde aselecte steekproef (Stratified Random Sampling).. .26
Proportioneel gestratificeerde aselecte steekproef (Proportionate
Stratified Random Sampling)...............................................................27
Clustersteekproef (Cluster Sampling)..................................................28
Gecombineerde steekproeftrekking (Combined-Strategy Sampling)...29
Samenvatting van probabilistische steekproefmethoden.......................29
5.3 Non-propability sampling methods...................................................29
Gemakssteekproef (Convenience Sampling).......................................29
Quota-steekproef (Quota Sampling)....................................................30
Hoofdstuk 6: Research Strategies and Validity...........................................32
Vijf onderzoeksstrategieën (overzicht):...............................................32
Strategieën die relaties tussen variabelen onderzoeken........................33
Relaties tussen variabelen...................................................................33
Comparing two or more sets of scores: the experimental, quasi-
experimental, and non-experimental research strategies...................34
, Experimenteel.........................................................................................34
Quasi-experimenteel...............................................................................35
Non-experimenteel.................................................................................35
Correlationeel vs non-experimenteel...................................................35
Onderzoeksstrategieën..........................................................................36
Datastructuren en statistische analyse...................................................37
Externe en interne validiteit....................................................................37
Externe validiteit..................................................................................37
Interne validiteit..................................................................................38
Bedreigingen van validiteit..................................................................38
Bedreigingen van externe validiteit.....................................................39
Categorie 1: generaliseren over participanten....................................39
Categorie 2: generaliseren over kenmerken van een studie...............39
Categorie 3: generaliseren over kenmerken van de metingen............40
Bedreigingen van interne validiteit.........................................................41
Drie groepen storende variabelen.......................................................42
Omgevingsvariabelen:.........................................................................42
Participant variabelen:.........................................................................42
Tijdsgerelateerde variabelen:..............................................................43
Meer over interne en externe validiteit...................................................43
Interne en externe validiteit balanceren..............................................43
Artefacten: bedreiging voor interne én externe validiteit....................44
Overdreven variabelen........................................................................44
Validiteit en individuele onderzoeksstrategieën..................................45
Besluit..................................................................................................45
Hoofdstuk 7................................................................................................45
Oorzaak-gevolg relaties..........................................................................45
Voorbeeld.............................................................................................46
Terminologie........................................................................................46
Opgelet................................................................................................47
Controleren van de wereld...................................................................47
Elementen van een experiment..............................................................48
Manipulatie..........................................................................................49
, Controle...............................................................................................49
Bijkomende variabelen controleren........................................................49
Variabele constant houden..................................................................49
Matching..............................................................................................50
Randomiseren......................................................................................50
Datastructuur en controle.......................................................................51
Controlecondities....................................................................................52
Geen-behandeling-controle condities:.................................................52
Placebo-controle condities:..................................................................52
Manipulatie checks.................................................................................53
Externe validiteit verhogen.....................................................................54
Simulatie..............................................................................................54
Simulatie voorbeeld:............................................................................54
Veldstudie............................................................................................55
Voor- en nadelen van simulaties en veldstudies..................................55
Hoofdstuk 8................................................................................................56
Experimentele onderzoeksstrategie.......................................................56
Binnen-subject design:........................................................................56
Tussen-subject design:.........................................................................56
Hoofdstuk 9................................................................................................63
Experimentele onderzoeksstrategie.......................................................63
Karakteristieken Binnen-subject design...............................................64
Bedreiging voor interne validiteit........................................................64
Splitsen van tijdsgerelateerde bedreigingen en orde effecten............67
Orde-effecten als een storende variabele............................................68
Omgaan met tijdsgerelateerde bedreigingen......................................69
Voor en nadelen binnen-subject design..................................................72
Voordelen.............................................................................................72
Nadelen...............................................................................................73
Kiezen tussen vs binnen subject design.................................................74
Individuele verschillen.........................................................................74
Tijdsgerelateerde factoren en orde-effecten........................................74
Steekproefgrootte (minder participanten)...........................................74
Methods for the Behavioral
Sciences
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 3: defining and mesuring variables.............................................6
3.1 Constructen en operationele definities...............................................6
Theorien en constructen........................................................................6
Operationele definities...........................................................................7
Beperkingen operationele definities......................................................7
Hoe kom je tot een operationele definitie?............................................8
3.2 Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid.............................................................8
Consistentie van een relatie tussen 2 metingen....................................8
Indruksvaliditeit (face validity)..............................................................9
Concurrente validiteit (concurrent validity)...........................................9
Predictieve validiteit............................................................................10
Construct validiteit (construct validity)................................................10
Convergente validiteit.........................................................................10
Divergente validiteit............................................................................11
Betrouwbaarheid..................................................................................11
Relatie tussen validiteit – betrouwbaarheid............................................12
3.3 Meetschalen......................................................................................13
Nominale meetschaal.............................................................................13
Ordinale meetschaal...............................................................................13
Interval meetschaal................................................................................14
Ratio meetschaal....................................................................................14
Interval vs ratio meetschaal...................................................................14
Meetschalen.........................................................................................15
3.4 Meetmodaliteiten..............................................................................16
Zelfrapportage.....................................................................................16
Fysiologie.............................................................................................16
Gedragsmaten.....................................................................................17
, 3.5 Andere aspecten van meten.............................................................17
Multiple metingen................................................................................17
Sensitiviteit..........................................................................................17
Artefacten............................................................................................18
Een meetprocedure kiezen..................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 5................................................................................................20
Inleiding..................................................................................................20
Populations and sampling:......................................................................20
Representative sampling........................................................................21
Definities..............................................................................................22
Steekproefgrootte...................................................................................22
Basis van steekproeftrekking..................................................................23
Probabilistische steekproef..................................................................23
Niet-probabilistische steekproef..........................................................24
Definities..............................................................................................24
5.2 Propability Sampling methods..........................................................25
Eenvoudige aselecte steekproef (Simple Random Sampling)..............25
Systematische steekproef (Systematic Sampling)...............................26
Gestratificeerde aselecte steekproef (Stratified Random Sampling).. .26
Proportioneel gestratificeerde aselecte steekproef (Proportionate
Stratified Random Sampling)...............................................................27
Clustersteekproef (Cluster Sampling)..................................................28
Gecombineerde steekproeftrekking (Combined-Strategy Sampling)...29
Samenvatting van probabilistische steekproefmethoden.......................29
5.3 Non-propability sampling methods...................................................29
Gemakssteekproef (Convenience Sampling).......................................29
Quota-steekproef (Quota Sampling)....................................................30
Hoofdstuk 6: Research Strategies and Validity...........................................32
Vijf onderzoeksstrategieën (overzicht):...............................................32
Strategieën die relaties tussen variabelen onderzoeken........................33
Relaties tussen variabelen...................................................................33
Comparing two or more sets of scores: the experimental, quasi-
experimental, and non-experimental research strategies...................34
, Experimenteel.........................................................................................34
Quasi-experimenteel...............................................................................35
Non-experimenteel.................................................................................35
Correlationeel vs non-experimenteel...................................................35
Onderzoeksstrategieën..........................................................................36
Datastructuren en statistische analyse...................................................37
Externe en interne validiteit....................................................................37
Externe validiteit..................................................................................37
Interne validiteit..................................................................................38
Bedreigingen van validiteit..................................................................38
Bedreigingen van externe validiteit.....................................................39
Categorie 1: generaliseren over participanten....................................39
Categorie 2: generaliseren over kenmerken van een studie...............39
Categorie 3: generaliseren over kenmerken van de metingen............40
Bedreigingen van interne validiteit.........................................................41
Drie groepen storende variabelen.......................................................42
Omgevingsvariabelen:.........................................................................42
Participant variabelen:.........................................................................42
Tijdsgerelateerde variabelen:..............................................................43
Meer over interne en externe validiteit...................................................43
Interne en externe validiteit balanceren..............................................43
Artefacten: bedreiging voor interne én externe validiteit....................44
Overdreven variabelen........................................................................44
Validiteit en individuele onderzoeksstrategieën..................................45
Besluit..................................................................................................45
Hoofdstuk 7................................................................................................45
Oorzaak-gevolg relaties..........................................................................45
Voorbeeld.............................................................................................46
Terminologie........................................................................................46
Opgelet................................................................................................47
Controleren van de wereld...................................................................47
Elementen van een experiment..............................................................48
Manipulatie..........................................................................................49
, Controle...............................................................................................49
Bijkomende variabelen controleren........................................................49
Variabele constant houden..................................................................49
Matching..............................................................................................50
Randomiseren......................................................................................50
Datastructuur en controle.......................................................................51
Controlecondities....................................................................................52
Geen-behandeling-controle condities:.................................................52
Placebo-controle condities:..................................................................52
Manipulatie checks.................................................................................53
Externe validiteit verhogen.....................................................................54
Simulatie..............................................................................................54
Simulatie voorbeeld:............................................................................54
Veldstudie............................................................................................55
Voor- en nadelen van simulaties en veldstudies..................................55
Hoofdstuk 8................................................................................................56
Experimentele onderzoeksstrategie.......................................................56
Binnen-subject design:........................................................................56
Tussen-subject design:.........................................................................56
Hoofdstuk 9................................................................................................63
Experimentele onderzoeksstrategie.......................................................63
Karakteristieken Binnen-subject design...............................................64
Bedreiging voor interne validiteit........................................................64
Splitsen van tijdsgerelateerde bedreigingen en orde effecten............67
Orde-effecten als een storende variabele............................................68
Omgaan met tijdsgerelateerde bedreigingen......................................69
Voor en nadelen binnen-subject design..................................................72
Voordelen.............................................................................................72
Nadelen...............................................................................................73
Kiezen tussen vs binnen subject design.................................................74
Individuele verschillen.........................................................................74
Tijdsgerelateerde factoren en orde-effecten........................................74
Steekproefgrootte (minder participanten)...........................................74
