SOLUTION MANUAL
All Chapters Included
F O
, STUDENT COMPANION TO ACCOMPANY FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY
LIFE AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL FOURTH EDITION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to the Chemistry of Life 1
2 Water 9
3 Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Genetic Information 21
4 Amino Acids 29
5 Proteins: Primary Structure 40
6 Proteins: Three-Dimensional Structure 49
7 Protein Function: Myoglobin and Hemoglobin, Muscle
Contraction, and Antibodies
60
8 Carbohydrates 72
9 Lipids and Biological Membranes 80
10 Membrane Transport 90
11 Enzymatic Catalysis 96
12 Enzyme Kinetics, Inhibition, and Control 108
13 Biochemical Signaling 121
14 Introduction to Metabolism 128
15 Glucose Catabolism 137
16 Glycogen Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis 146
,17 Citric Acid Cycle 154
18 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 160
19 Photosynthesis 169
20 Lipid Metabolism 176
21 Amino Acid Metabolism 188
22 Mammalian Fuel Metabolism: Integration and 197
Regulation
23 Nucleotide Metabolism 203
24 Nucleic Acid Structure 210
25 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination 219
26 Transcription and RNA Processing 230
27 Protein Synthesis 238
28 Regulation of Gene Expression 247
Answers to Questions AQ-1
Solutions to Problems SP-1
, CHAPTER 1
Introduction to the Chemistry of Life
This chapter introduces you to life at the biochemical and cellular level. It begins
with a discussion of the chemical origins of life and its early evolution. This
discussion continues into ideas and theories about the evolution of organisms,
followed by a brief introduction to taxonomy and phylogeny viewed from a
molecular perspective. The chapter concludes with an introduction to the basic
concepts of thermodynamics and its application to living systems. Biochemistry,
like all other sciences, is a based on the measurement of observable phenomena.
Hence, it is important to become familiar with the conventions used to measure
energy and mass. Box 1-2 presents the essential biochemical conventions that we
will encounter throughout Fundamentals of Biochemistry.
Essential Concepts
The Origin of Life
1. Living matter consists of a relatively small number of elements, of which C,
N, O, H, Ca,P, K, and S account for ~98% of the dry weight of most organisms
(which are 70% water). These elements form a variety of reactive functional
groups that participate in biological structure and biochemical reactions.
2. The current model for the origin of life proposes that organisms arose from
the polymerization of simple organic molecules to form more complex
molecules, some of which were capable of self-replication.
3. Most polymerization reactions involving the building of small organic
molecules into larger more complex ones occur by the formation of water.
This is called a condensation reaction.
4. A key development in the origin of life was the formation of a membrane that
could separate the critical molecules required for replication and energy
capture from a potentially degradative environment.
5. Complementary surfaces of molecules and macromolecules provide a
template for biological specificity (e.g., macromolecular assembly, enzyme
activity, and expression and replication of the genome).
6. Modern cells can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Eukaryotic
cells are distinguished by a variety of membrane-bounded organelles and an
extensive cytoskeleton.
All Chapters Included
F O
, STUDENT COMPANION TO ACCOMPANY FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY
LIFE AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL FOURTH EDITION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to the Chemistry of Life 1
2 Water 9
3 Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Genetic Information 21
4 Amino Acids 29
5 Proteins: Primary Structure 40
6 Proteins: Three-Dimensional Structure 49
7 Protein Function: Myoglobin and Hemoglobin, Muscle
Contraction, and Antibodies
60
8 Carbohydrates 72
9 Lipids and Biological Membranes 80
10 Membrane Transport 90
11 Enzymatic Catalysis 96
12 Enzyme Kinetics, Inhibition, and Control 108
13 Biochemical Signaling 121
14 Introduction to Metabolism 128
15 Glucose Catabolism 137
16 Glycogen Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis 146
,17 Citric Acid Cycle 154
18 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 160
19 Photosynthesis 169
20 Lipid Metabolism 176
21 Amino Acid Metabolism 188
22 Mammalian Fuel Metabolism: Integration and 197
Regulation
23 Nucleotide Metabolism 203
24 Nucleic Acid Structure 210
25 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination 219
26 Transcription and RNA Processing 230
27 Protein Synthesis 238
28 Regulation of Gene Expression 247
Answers to Questions AQ-1
Solutions to Problems SP-1
, CHAPTER 1
Introduction to the Chemistry of Life
This chapter introduces you to life at the biochemical and cellular level. It begins
with a discussion of the chemical origins of life and its early evolution. This
discussion continues into ideas and theories about the evolution of organisms,
followed by a brief introduction to taxonomy and phylogeny viewed from a
molecular perspective. The chapter concludes with an introduction to the basic
concepts of thermodynamics and its application to living systems. Biochemistry,
like all other sciences, is a based on the measurement of observable phenomena.
Hence, it is important to become familiar with the conventions used to measure
energy and mass. Box 1-2 presents the essential biochemical conventions that we
will encounter throughout Fundamentals of Biochemistry.
Essential Concepts
The Origin of Life
1. Living matter consists of a relatively small number of elements, of which C,
N, O, H, Ca,P, K, and S account for ~98% of the dry weight of most organisms
(which are 70% water). These elements form a variety of reactive functional
groups that participate in biological structure and biochemical reactions.
2. The current model for the origin of life proposes that organisms arose from
the polymerization of simple organic molecules to form more complex
molecules, some of which were capable of self-replication.
3. Most polymerization reactions involving the building of small organic
molecules into larger more complex ones occur by the formation of water.
This is called a condensation reaction.
4. A key development in the origin of life was the formation of a membrane that
could separate the critical molecules required for replication and energy
capture from a potentially degradative environment.
5. Complementary surfaces of molecules and macromolecules provide a
template for biological specificity (e.g., macromolecular assembly, enzyme
activity, and expression and replication of the genome).
6. Modern cells can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Eukaryotic
cells are distinguished by a variety of membrane-bounded organelles and an
extensive cytoskeleton.
