ASSIGNMENT1 Exam With Q&A 100% Verified
Answers 2025/26
1. Based on type of materials, how many classes of biomaterials are there? What are their names?
Biomaterials-are-materials-originated-from-nature-or-through-synthetic-process-that-interact-with-
living-tissues,blood,-and-biological-fluids-[1].-The-biomaterials-can-be-used-both-for-therapeutic-
(treatment,-strengthen,repair-or-replacement-of-a-body-part)-and-diagnostic-(sensors,-testing-
models,-animal-experiments)-purposes[2].-They-can-also-be-designed-for-implantation-or-
incorporation-with-the-biological-systems-[3].-Biomaterialsare-divided-into-two-types-mainly-
used-in-the-industries:-a)-Naturally-derived-biomaterials
In-tissue-engineering,-naturally-derived-biomaterials-are-mostly-used-to-replace-or-restore-
structure-and-functionof-impaired-tissues/organs.-Because-of-their-microstructure-connection-
and-bioactivity-characteristic,-they-havethe-ability-to-support-cell-linkage,-movement,-
multiplication-and-division.-Naturally-derived-biomaterialscomposed-of-many-groups-such-as-
protein-based-(collagen,-gelatin,-silk…),-polysaccharide-based-(cellulose,chitin/chitosan,-
glucose…)-and-decellularized-tissue-derived-(decellularized-heart-valves,-blood-vessels,liver…).-
Particularly,-when-being-implanted-into-the-damaged-area,-naturally-derived-biomaterials-can-
improvethe-attachment-and-migration-of-cells-from-the-environment;-therefor,-increase-the-ECM-
formation-and-tissuecuring-[4].-b)-Synthetic-biomaterials
Synthetic-biomaterials-are-produced-using-a-variety-of-processing-methods-in-the-industries.-
They-areclassified-into-four-common-types:
Metallic-biomaterials
Metals-are-used-as-biomaterials-for-its-excellent-electrical-and-thermal-conductivity-and-
mechanical-properties.“Vanadium-steel”-(stainless-steel)-was-the-first-metal-alloy-to-succeed-in-
manufacturing-bone-fracture-plates,screws-and-implant-materials-in-surgical-fields.-Metals-like-
iron-(Fe),-chromium-(Cr),-cobalt-(Co),-nickel-(Ni),titanium-(Ti),-tantalum-(Ta),-niobium-(Nb),-
molybdenum-(Mo),-and-tungsten-(W)-are-mostly-used-to-makealloys-for-implants-in-human-
body-[5].-Among-the-listed-metallic-materials,-titanium-and-its-alloy-aresignificantly-noticeable-
in-recent-years-in-both-medical-and-dental-fields-due-to-the-standout-bio-compatibility,lightness,-
balance-of-mechanical-properties-and-corrosion-resistance.-They-are-mainly-used-for-
, implantsdevices,-replacing-failed-hard-tissues,-for-instance,-artificial-hip-joints,-bone-plates,-etc-
and-also-dental-productssuch-as-crowns,-bridges-and-dentures-[6].
Ceramic-biomaterials
The-importance-of-ceramics-is-increasing-because-of-their-bio-compatibility,-corrosion-resistance-
and-hardstructure.-Thus,-ceramics-are-generally-used-for-bone-substitution-or-bone-regeneration-
support-[7].-Inproducing-implants-in-surgical-fields,-ceramics-can-fall-into-many-classes-as-
nonabsorbable-(relatively-inert),bioactive-or-surface-reactive-(semi-inert)-[8],-and-biodegradable-
or-resorbable-(non-inert)-[9].-Chemicals-likealumina,-zirconia,-silicone-nitrides,-and-carbons-are-
inert-bioceramics.-Some-glass-ceramics-and-densehydroxyapatites-are-known-as-semi-inert-while-
calcium-phosphates-and-calcium-aluminates-are-calledresorbable-ceramics.-CaPs-or-silica-based-
(bioglass-45S5s),-alumina-based-compounds-are-popularly-appliedin-biomaterials-today-[10].
Polymeric-biomaterials
Synthetic-polymers-are-polymers-formed-by-linking-monomer-units,-without-the-any-change-of-
material,-areconsidered-as-addition-polymers-or-chain-growth-polymers.-They-are-classified-as-
degradable-and-nondegradable-based-on-the-chemical-reactivity-[11].-The-high-material-
designability,-regulated-properties,-andpractically-unlimited-sources-synthetics-polymers-explain-
for-their-widespread-uses-in-biomedicalapplications.-In-comparison-to-metallic-or-ceramic-
biomaterials,-the-polymeric-ones-can-easily-bemanufactured-to-create-many-shapes-(latex,-film,-
sheet,-fibers,-etc.),-with-desired-mechanical-and-physicalproperties-at-affordable-cost-[12].
a) Non-degradable-polymeric-biomaterials
Nondegradable-polymers-(also-known-as-biostable-or-biointegrable-polymers)-are-mainly-used-
for-drugdelivery-systems,-fillings,-orthopedic-implants,-ocular-lens,-heart-valves,-bone-cements,-
vascular-grafts,-andtissue-engineering-scaffolds-[13].-They-have-many-advantages-such-as-easily-
processing,-tissue/bloodcompatibility,-biological-stability-and-strength,-and-other-properties-
during-in-vivo-application-that-make-themmore-useful-as-biomaterials-in-comparison-with-
metals-or-ceramics.-One-significant-function-is-the-ability-toovercome-the-problems-of-
asynchronous-degradation-with-tissue-regeneration-and-harmful-end-products-ofdegraded-
polymers-[14].-The-main-types-of-non-degradable-polymers-consist-of-poly(olefins),-
poly(urethanes),-poly(carbonates),-poly(siloxanes),-poly(amides),-poly(ethers),-poly(sulphones)-
and-certaintypes-of-poly(esters)-[15].
b) Biodegradable-polymeric-biomatereials
Answers 2025/26
1. Based on type of materials, how many classes of biomaterials are there? What are their names?
Biomaterials-are-materials-originated-from-nature-or-through-synthetic-process-that-interact-with-
living-tissues,blood,-and-biological-fluids-[1].-The-biomaterials-can-be-used-both-for-therapeutic-
(treatment,-strengthen,repair-or-replacement-of-a-body-part)-and-diagnostic-(sensors,-testing-
models,-animal-experiments)-purposes[2].-They-can-also-be-designed-for-implantation-or-
incorporation-with-the-biological-systems-[3].-Biomaterialsare-divided-into-two-types-mainly-
used-in-the-industries:-a)-Naturally-derived-biomaterials
In-tissue-engineering,-naturally-derived-biomaterials-are-mostly-used-to-replace-or-restore-
structure-and-functionof-impaired-tissues/organs.-Because-of-their-microstructure-connection-
and-bioactivity-characteristic,-they-havethe-ability-to-support-cell-linkage,-movement,-
multiplication-and-division.-Naturally-derived-biomaterialscomposed-of-many-groups-such-as-
protein-based-(collagen,-gelatin,-silk…),-polysaccharide-based-(cellulose,chitin/chitosan,-
glucose…)-and-decellularized-tissue-derived-(decellularized-heart-valves,-blood-vessels,liver…).-
Particularly,-when-being-implanted-into-the-damaged-area,-naturally-derived-biomaterials-can-
improvethe-attachment-and-migration-of-cells-from-the-environment;-therefor,-increase-the-ECM-
formation-and-tissuecuring-[4].-b)-Synthetic-biomaterials
Synthetic-biomaterials-are-produced-using-a-variety-of-processing-methods-in-the-industries.-
They-areclassified-into-four-common-types:
Metallic-biomaterials
Metals-are-used-as-biomaterials-for-its-excellent-electrical-and-thermal-conductivity-and-
mechanical-properties.“Vanadium-steel”-(stainless-steel)-was-the-first-metal-alloy-to-succeed-in-
manufacturing-bone-fracture-plates,screws-and-implant-materials-in-surgical-fields.-Metals-like-
iron-(Fe),-chromium-(Cr),-cobalt-(Co),-nickel-(Ni),titanium-(Ti),-tantalum-(Ta),-niobium-(Nb),-
molybdenum-(Mo),-and-tungsten-(W)-are-mostly-used-to-makealloys-for-implants-in-human-
body-[5].-Among-the-listed-metallic-materials,-titanium-and-its-alloy-aresignificantly-noticeable-
in-recent-years-in-both-medical-and-dental-fields-due-to-the-standout-bio-compatibility,lightness,-
balance-of-mechanical-properties-and-corrosion-resistance.-They-are-mainly-used-for-
, implantsdevices,-replacing-failed-hard-tissues,-for-instance,-artificial-hip-joints,-bone-plates,-etc-
and-also-dental-productssuch-as-crowns,-bridges-and-dentures-[6].
Ceramic-biomaterials
The-importance-of-ceramics-is-increasing-because-of-their-bio-compatibility,-corrosion-resistance-
and-hardstructure.-Thus,-ceramics-are-generally-used-for-bone-substitution-or-bone-regeneration-
support-[7].-Inproducing-implants-in-surgical-fields,-ceramics-can-fall-into-many-classes-as-
nonabsorbable-(relatively-inert),bioactive-or-surface-reactive-(semi-inert)-[8],-and-biodegradable-
or-resorbable-(non-inert)-[9].-Chemicals-likealumina,-zirconia,-silicone-nitrides,-and-carbons-are-
inert-bioceramics.-Some-glass-ceramics-and-densehydroxyapatites-are-known-as-semi-inert-while-
calcium-phosphates-and-calcium-aluminates-are-calledresorbable-ceramics.-CaPs-or-silica-based-
(bioglass-45S5s),-alumina-based-compounds-are-popularly-appliedin-biomaterials-today-[10].
Polymeric-biomaterials
Synthetic-polymers-are-polymers-formed-by-linking-monomer-units,-without-the-any-change-of-
material,-areconsidered-as-addition-polymers-or-chain-growth-polymers.-They-are-classified-as-
degradable-and-nondegradable-based-on-the-chemical-reactivity-[11].-The-high-material-
designability,-regulated-properties,-andpractically-unlimited-sources-synthetics-polymers-explain-
for-their-widespread-uses-in-biomedicalapplications.-In-comparison-to-metallic-or-ceramic-
biomaterials,-the-polymeric-ones-can-easily-bemanufactured-to-create-many-shapes-(latex,-film,-
sheet,-fibers,-etc.),-with-desired-mechanical-and-physicalproperties-at-affordable-cost-[12].
a) Non-degradable-polymeric-biomaterials
Nondegradable-polymers-(also-known-as-biostable-or-biointegrable-polymers)-are-mainly-used-
for-drugdelivery-systems,-fillings,-orthopedic-implants,-ocular-lens,-heart-valves,-bone-cements,-
vascular-grafts,-andtissue-engineering-scaffolds-[13].-They-have-many-advantages-such-as-easily-
processing,-tissue/bloodcompatibility,-biological-stability-and-strength,-and-other-properties-
during-in-vivo-application-that-make-themmore-useful-as-biomaterials-in-comparison-with-
metals-or-ceramics.-One-significant-function-is-the-ability-toovercome-the-problems-of-
asynchronous-degradation-with-tissue-regeneration-and-harmful-end-products-ofdegraded-
polymers-[14].-The-main-types-of-non-degradable-polymers-consist-of-poly(olefins),-
poly(urethanes),-poly(carbonates),-poly(siloxanes),-poly(amides),-poly(ethers),-poly(sulphones)-
and-certaintypes-of-poly(esters)-[15].
b) Biodegradable-polymeric-biomatereials
