Course notes and summary of PSPEU

Inhoud
Introduction............................................................................................................................................1
History of European integration.............................................................................................................2
Union of Member States........................................................................................................................5
Group Discussion: Foreign policy............................................................................................................9
Union of Supranational institutions........................................................................................................9
Group discussion: law-making for the single market............................................................................12
Union founded on the rule of law........................................................................................................12
Group discussion: European Citizenship, constitutions and cultures...................................................15
Economic and monetary Union............................................................................................................16
Group Discussion: macroeconomic policy in the EMU.........................................................................18
Guest Lecture.......................................................................................................................................18




Introduction

 Why study European integration?
o The sovereign state as the building block of international relations
 Historically rooted in the peace of Westphalia in 1648
 Growing in number over time
 State sovereignty always includes:
 A certain territory (over which its laws apply)
 A presumed right to non-interference (from the outside
world)
 A capacity to act to enforce the law within and shield
the state (from external aggression)
 (political systems can vary from one state to another
 State formation are usually violent “war made the state and
the state made war”
 Often (but not always) overlap with nations
 EU makes laws like states do (apply withing the EEA)
 State-like characteristics but not a state
 Not a state and not fully an international organization
o EU is far stronger  has direct impact on its
citizens
o The central historical phenomenon of postwar Europe
 From one crisis to the next
 Sovereign debt crisis
 Ukraine crisis
 Migration crisis
 Brexit
 Climate emergency

,  Covid 19 emergency
 Putin’s war with UKR and the cost of living crisis
 More often than not, the European level plays a key
role in generating policy  based on EU competences
and coordination with the member states
 NATO (&EU) enlargement
 A success story for Euro-Atlantic & European
Integration (from the perspective of the European
Union)
o 1990 German reunification
o Expanding the free & single market
o CEE states anxious to plug into democratic
model and security
 A nightmare for Putin
o Appeal of democracy
o Buffer space dwindles
o Who makes the rules?  not Moscow
o In crisis, political contestation is never far away
 Taxation, poverty, and the redistribution of wealth
 Citizenship and identity issues: belonging to political
communities
 Political values: freedom, democracy, sovereignty, rule of law,
pluralism, etc.



History of European integration

 Two stories to be told of Security and economic cooperation
o Succession of several treaties that amend each other
o Start after the 2nd world war
 Continent reduced to rubble
 Starting with 6 member states until growing to 28 (27 after
BREXIT)
  spreading an economic and political model
  signs of partial disintegration
o French “empty chair” crisis in 1965-6
o Brexit 2016  2020 UK withdrawal
o “Rule of law” debate  concerns about other
exits
 “Some founding fathers”
o Konrad Adenauer
 German chancellor
 Germany split in two
o George Marschall
 US General during the second world war
 Junior officer during the first world war
o Jean Monnet
 Intellectual creator of European integration

,  Public Servant
 Grain shipments during the first world war
 Deputy secretary general of the League of Nations
o Robert Schuman
 Schuman declaration
 French Foreign Minister
 From Elzas Lothringian region
o Paul-Henri Spaak
 PM and Foreign minister of Belgium
 Belgium got twice overrun during war
o (Many others: Churchill, etc.)
 Story line of the integration
o Economic storyline
 Starting from the US
 1947 Marschall speech
 1948 European Recovery program
 1950 Schuman Declaration
 1951 Paris Treaty (EGKS) (European Coal and Steal
Community ECSC)
 1957 Rome Treaties (TFEU)
 1986 Single European Act
 1992 Maastricht treaty (TEU)
 1997 Amsterdam Treaty
 2001 Nice Treaty
 2007 Lisbon Treaty
 Started by the US but Europeans would take ownership of the
process
o Security cooperation
 Starting from European countries being afraid of threats
 1947 Dunkirk Treaty
 1948 Brussel treaty (WEU; Western European Union)
 1949 Washington Treaty (founding of NATO)
 Binding the USA to European security
 Mainly built on strategic concepts  due to its military
character
 European Recovery Program (Marschall Plan)
o Came on the background of Washington/London relations with
Moscow decreasing
 George Kennan’s 1946 “Long Telegram” from US Embassy in
Moscow
 Wanting Washington to take up a Role in defending
Europe against Russia/Soviets
 European Recovery program as an effort to outbid Soviet
competition
 Basis for what becomes the OECD
o Marschall Speech: European countries have to take initiative in
saying what they need
 ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community
o US economic support and military guarantees where given 
European countries start collaborating more closely