Terms in this set (80)
When a drug is metabolized at a specific point in the body, resulting in a lower
concentration of the active substance.
This phenomenon is termed the first-pass effect and is most often described in the
context of absorption of chemicals following ingestion. In general, the first-pass effect
after oral absorption is the result of efficient uptake and metabolism of compounds by
1st pass effect
the liver.
Ex: Finasteride (Proscar)
Finasteride can treat enlarged prostate & also treat hair loss in men
5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
Hepatotoxic
Acetaminophen Not an antiinflammatory
Used in patients with BPH
Adverse Effect: Erectile Dysfunction
For ED, patients can take sildenafil (do not take with NTG)
Alpha Blockers (Tamsulosin)
Not first line choices
Inhibit protein synthesis
Ototoxic & nephrotoxic
Aminoglycosides (gentamicin)
Used for rapid relief/symptom relief
Lowers the acidity in the stomach
If there is an OD, these medication can cause METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
Cannot be taken with any other medication (wait 1 hour before or 2 hours afterwards
before taking another medication)
Antacids (Sodium Bicarbonate)
Uses: OAB, bradycardia, COPD, EPS, IBS, Nausea & Vomiting
Dry mouth, dry eyes, constipation, urinary retention
Atropine is the most powerful anticholinergic
Anticholinergic (ex: ipratropium)
Works with opioid receptors to SLOW DOWN peristalsis
Assess electrolyte balances if there is prolonged diarrhea
High doses have been abused
Antidiarrheal (Loperamide (Imodium))
Antidiarrheal (Pepto) Works by binding to the harmful substance
Antihistamines (H1RA) Diphenhydramine is a 1st generation H1RA (can also be used to treat EPS)
, 1st generation (typical) have increased risk for developing EPS and NMS
Antipsychotics 2nd generation (olanzapine) often preferred also newer research state these medications
pose greater risk for metabolic syndromes.
For the flu, Tamiflu must be taken within 48 hours of symptom onset
For a herpes outbreak, the medication must be taken within 72 hours
HIV--> CD4 t-cell count and viral load monitoring
Antivirals (acyclovir)
If taking prep, need to be tested every 90 days
Azole Antifungals Most are OTC
Known to cause hypotension and bradypnea
Used for sedation, anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, muscle relaxant
Not preferred for long term management of seizures
For acute seizures --> 1st line treatment
Reversal agent --> Flumazenil
Benzodiazepines
Most used drug class
Used for anxiety, MI, HTN, HF, tachycardia, dysrhythmias
*Three subgroups: non-selective (blocks beta-1 & beta-2), cardioselective, and
cardioselective with vasodilating effects
Beta Blockers (-olol)
Bisocodyl (Dulcolax) Works by increasing peristalsis
1st line treatment for constipation
Also used for prevention of constipation
When used on a daily basis--> shown to lower cholesterol
Bulk Forming (Psyllium)
Two Subclasses:
1. Dihydropyrodine: Amlodipine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine --> SELECTIVE (only affect
the blood vessels.)
*** For the above medications, you would only need to assess the blood pressure not
the HR
2. Nondyhydropyrodine: Verapamil & Diltiazem (antiarhythmics, antihypertensives)--
Calcium Channel Blockers > NONSELECTIVE (effect both the heart rate and blood vessels)
Largest class of antibiotics
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Considered safe in patient's that are allergic to penicillins
Cephalosporins (ceftriaxone)
When a drug is metabolized at a specific point in the body, resulting in a lower
concentration of the active substance.
This phenomenon is termed the first-pass effect and is most often described in the
context of absorption of chemicals following ingestion. In general, the first-pass effect
after oral absorption is the result of efficient uptake and metabolism of compounds by
1st pass effect
the liver.
Ex: Finasteride (Proscar)
Finasteride can treat enlarged prostate & also treat hair loss in men
5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
Hepatotoxic
Acetaminophen Not an antiinflammatory
Used in patients with BPH
Adverse Effect: Erectile Dysfunction
For ED, patients can take sildenafil (do not take with NTG)
Alpha Blockers (Tamsulosin)
Not first line choices
Inhibit protein synthesis
Ototoxic & nephrotoxic
Aminoglycosides (gentamicin)
Used for rapid relief/symptom relief
Lowers the acidity in the stomach
If there is an OD, these medication can cause METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
Cannot be taken with any other medication (wait 1 hour before or 2 hours afterwards
before taking another medication)
Antacids (Sodium Bicarbonate)
Uses: OAB, bradycardia, COPD, EPS, IBS, Nausea & Vomiting
Dry mouth, dry eyes, constipation, urinary retention
Atropine is the most powerful anticholinergic
Anticholinergic (ex: ipratropium)
Works with opioid receptors to SLOW DOWN peristalsis
Assess electrolyte balances if there is prolonged diarrhea
High doses have been abused
Antidiarrheal (Loperamide (Imodium))
Antidiarrheal (Pepto) Works by binding to the harmful substance
Antihistamines (H1RA) Diphenhydramine is a 1st generation H1RA (can also be used to treat EPS)
, 1st generation (typical) have increased risk for developing EPS and NMS
Antipsychotics 2nd generation (olanzapine) often preferred also newer research state these medications
pose greater risk for metabolic syndromes.
For the flu, Tamiflu must be taken within 48 hours of symptom onset
For a herpes outbreak, the medication must be taken within 72 hours
HIV--> CD4 t-cell count and viral load monitoring
Antivirals (acyclovir)
If taking prep, need to be tested every 90 days
Azole Antifungals Most are OTC
Known to cause hypotension and bradypnea
Used for sedation, anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, muscle relaxant
Not preferred for long term management of seizures
For acute seizures --> 1st line treatment
Reversal agent --> Flumazenil
Benzodiazepines
Most used drug class
Used for anxiety, MI, HTN, HF, tachycardia, dysrhythmias
*Three subgroups: non-selective (blocks beta-1 & beta-2), cardioselective, and
cardioselective with vasodilating effects
Beta Blockers (-olol)
Bisocodyl (Dulcolax) Works by increasing peristalsis
1st line treatment for constipation
Also used for prevention of constipation
When used on a daily basis--> shown to lower cholesterol
Bulk Forming (Psyllium)
Two Subclasses:
1. Dihydropyrodine: Amlodipine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine --> SELECTIVE (only affect
the blood vessels.)
*** For the above medications, you would only need to assess the blood pressure not
the HR
2. Nondyhydropyrodine: Verapamil & Diltiazem (antiarhythmics, antihypertensives)--
Calcium Channel Blockers > NONSELECTIVE (effect both the heart rate and blood vessels)
Largest class of antibiotics
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Considered safe in patient's that are allergic to penicillins
Cephalosporins (ceftriaxone)
