BIOL 251 - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Authentic 2025/2026 Exam Blueprint | 100 Real Questions | Verified Solutions | A+ Level
EXAM OVERVIEW
The BIOL 251 - Human Anatomy & Physiology delivers a realistic and fully verified
2025/2026 exam experience designed to strengthen mastery and test readiness. Featuring
100 carefully structured questions, this resource enhances critical reasoning and supports
confident performance, making it an essential tool for students seeking reliable, high-quality
exam preparation that accurately reflects the complexities of human anatomy and
physiology.
EXAM FEATURES
• 100 exam-accurate questions aligned with standards for BIOL 251 - Human Anatomy &
Physiology
• Comprehensive coverage of 13 domains for complete preparation and mastery of the subject
• Verified accuracy and high-yield content for efficient study and retention
• Realistic exam simulation to build confidence and prepare students for the actual test
• Detailed explanations and answers for every question to reinforce learning and understanding
CORE TESTING AREAS
→ Cardiovascular System (13 Questions)
→ Cellular & Tissue Organization (6 Questions)
→ Digestive System (6 Questions)
→ Endocrine System (8 Questions)
→ Integumentary System (10 Questions)
→ Lymphatic & Immune System (6 Questions)
→ Muscular System (6 Questions)
→ Nervous System (10 Questions)
→ Reproductive System (7 Questions)
→ Respiratory System (10 Questions)
→ Sensory System (6 Questions)
→ Skeletal System (6 Questions)
→ Urinary System (6 Questions)
Page 1
,Cellular & Tissue Organization (6 Questions)
Question 1
Which statement best summarizes the three tenets of the modern cell theory?
A. All living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells arise from
pre‑existing cells
B. All living things are composed of tissues; tissues are the basic unit of life; tissues arise from
pre‑existing tissues
C. All living things are composed of organelles; organelles are the basic unit of life; organelles
arise de novo
D. All living things are composed of atoms; atoms are the basic unit of life; atoms arise from
pre‑existing atoms
Correct Answer
All living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells arise from
pre‑existing cells
Rationale:
The modern cell theory states that (1) all organisms are made of cells, (2) the cell is the structural and functional
unit of life, and (3) all cells originate from existing cells.
Question 2
Which of the following membrane transport processes requires direct expenditure of cellular
ATP?
A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Primary active transport
Correct Answer
Primary active transport
Rationale:
Primary active transport moves solutes against their concentration gradient using energy from ATP hydrolysis,
unlike passive processes such as diffusion and osmosis.
Page 2
,Question 3
Which tissue type primarily functions to line body cavities, form protective barriers, and
facilitate selective exchange?
A. Connective tissue
B. Epithelial tissue
C. Muscle tissue
D. Nervous tissue
Correct Answer
Epithelial tissue
Rationale:
Epithelial tissue forms continuous sheets that line cavities, cover surfaces, and regulate exchange of substances,
distinguishing it from other tissue categories.
Question 4
The principal function of mitochondria in most human cells is to:
A. Synthesize proteins
B. Produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
C. Store calcium ions
D. Detoxify ammonia
Correct Answer
Produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
Rationale:
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, generating the majority of ATP via the electron transport chain and
oxidative phosphorylation.
Page 3
, Question 5
Which intercellular junction provides the strongest mechanical adhesion between adjacent
epithelial cells?
A. Tight junctions
B. Desmosomes
C. Gap junctions
D. Hemidesmosomes
Correct Answer
Desmosomes
Rationale:
Desmosomes anchor intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane, creating robust mechanical links that resist
shearing forces.
Question 6
In a standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, which component of the cell nucleus is
primarily visualized by hematoxylin?
A. Cytoplasmic proteins
B. DNA-rich chromatin
C. Mitochondrial membranes
D. Lipid droplets
Correct Answer
DNA-rich chromatin
Rationale:
Hematoxylin is a basic dye that binds to acidic structures such as nucleic acids, staining chromatin a deep
blue‑purple.
Integumentary System (10 Questions)
Page 4
Authentic 2025/2026 Exam Blueprint | 100 Real Questions | Verified Solutions | A+ Level
EXAM OVERVIEW
The BIOL 251 - Human Anatomy & Physiology delivers a realistic and fully verified
2025/2026 exam experience designed to strengthen mastery and test readiness. Featuring
100 carefully structured questions, this resource enhances critical reasoning and supports
confident performance, making it an essential tool for students seeking reliable, high-quality
exam preparation that accurately reflects the complexities of human anatomy and
physiology.
EXAM FEATURES
• 100 exam-accurate questions aligned with standards for BIOL 251 - Human Anatomy &
Physiology
• Comprehensive coverage of 13 domains for complete preparation and mastery of the subject
• Verified accuracy and high-yield content for efficient study and retention
• Realistic exam simulation to build confidence and prepare students for the actual test
• Detailed explanations and answers for every question to reinforce learning and understanding
CORE TESTING AREAS
→ Cardiovascular System (13 Questions)
→ Cellular & Tissue Organization (6 Questions)
→ Digestive System (6 Questions)
→ Endocrine System (8 Questions)
→ Integumentary System (10 Questions)
→ Lymphatic & Immune System (6 Questions)
→ Muscular System (6 Questions)
→ Nervous System (10 Questions)
→ Reproductive System (7 Questions)
→ Respiratory System (10 Questions)
→ Sensory System (6 Questions)
→ Skeletal System (6 Questions)
→ Urinary System (6 Questions)
Page 1
,Cellular & Tissue Organization (6 Questions)
Question 1
Which statement best summarizes the three tenets of the modern cell theory?
A. All living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells arise from
pre‑existing cells
B. All living things are composed of tissues; tissues are the basic unit of life; tissues arise from
pre‑existing tissues
C. All living things are composed of organelles; organelles are the basic unit of life; organelles
arise de novo
D. All living things are composed of atoms; atoms are the basic unit of life; atoms arise from
pre‑existing atoms
Correct Answer
All living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells arise from
pre‑existing cells
Rationale:
The modern cell theory states that (1) all organisms are made of cells, (2) the cell is the structural and functional
unit of life, and (3) all cells originate from existing cells.
Question 2
Which of the following membrane transport processes requires direct expenditure of cellular
ATP?
A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Primary active transport
Correct Answer
Primary active transport
Rationale:
Primary active transport moves solutes against their concentration gradient using energy from ATP hydrolysis,
unlike passive processes such as diffusion and osmosis.
Page 2
,Question 3
Which tissue type primarily functions to line body cavities, form protective barriers, and
facilitate selective exchange?
A. Connective tissue
B. Epithelial tissue
C. Muscle tissue
D. Nervous tissue
Correct Answer
Epithelial tissue
Rationale:
Epithelial tissue forms continuous sheets that line cavities, cover surfaces, and regulate exchange of substances,
distinguishing it from other tissue categories.
Question 4
The principal function of mitochondria in most human cells is to:
A. Synthesize proteins
B. Produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
C. Store calcium ions
D. Detoxify ammonia
Correct Answer
Produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
Rationale:
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, generating the majority of ATP via the electron transport chain and
oxidative phosphorylation.
Page 3
, Question 5
Which intercellular junction provides the strongest mechanical adhesion between adjacent
epithelial cells?
A. Tight junctions
B. Desmosomes
C. Gap junctions
D. Hemidesmosomes
Correct Answer
Desmosomes
Rationale:
Desmosomes anchor intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane, creating robust mechanical links that resist
shearing forces.
Question 6
In a standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, which component of the cell nucleus is
primarily visualized by hematoxylin?
A. Cytoplasmic proteins
B. DNA-rich chromatin
C. Mitochondrial membranes
D. Lipid droplets
Correct Answer
DNA-rich chromatin
Rationale:
Hematoxylin is a basic dye that binds to acidic structures such as nucleic acids, staining chromatin a deep
blue‑purple.
Integumentary System (10 Questions)
Page 4
