NURS 5461 Final Exam (Latest 2025/2026 Update) Adult
Gerontology | Questions with Verified Answers | 100%
Correct | Graded A – UTA.
common initial symptom of ACS in pts >80 years? - answer-; SOB
Treatment For hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy? - answer-; "Beta-blockers initially
for symptomatic relief, CCBs for 2nd line tx. Refer to cardiologist for surgical
options.
Avoid intense athletic training."
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy - answer-; heart muscle hardens, restricting the
expansion of the heart, thus limiting the amount of blood it can pump to the rest
of the body
What is the best diagnostic for Valvular disease - answer-; Echocardiogram
Aortic Stenosis Pathophysiology - answer-; Defined as transaortic gradient >
40mmHg or an aortic valve area of <1cm2
-The aortic valve orifice narrows and obstructs left ventricular outflow during
systole.
-Increased resistance to ejection or afterload results in ventricular hypertrophy.
,-As worsens, cardiac output becomes fixed and cannot increase to meet the
demands of the body during exertion. Symptoms then develop.
-Eventually the left ventricle fails, blood backs up in the left atrium, and the
pulmonary system becomes congested. Right-sided HF can occur late in the
disease
aortic regurgitation pathophysiology - answer-; Aortic Valve Does Not Close
Left Ventricle's Volume Increases
Left Ventricle Dilates
Left Ventricle Fails
Decreased Cardiac Output
Pulmonary Edema
Mitral Stenosis Pathophysiology - answer-; -Left atrium: poor blood movement
into the left ventricle
-Poor cardiac output
-Dilation/hypertrophy of left atrium
-Congestion of pulmonary veins
-Right ventricle work harder
-Right ventricle hypertrophies, dilates, and fails
Mitral Valve Regurgitation Pathophysiology - answer-; With each beat of the left
ventricle, some blood is forced back into the left atrium, adding to blood flowing
in from the lungs
- Lungs become congested
, - The volume overload causes ventricular hypertrophy
Systolic Murmurs - answer-; Aortic Stenosis
Mitral Regurgitation
Tricuspid Regurgitation
Pulmonic Stenosis
Diastolic Murmurs - answer-; Mitral stenosis
Tricuspid stenosis
Aortic insufficiency
Pulmonic insufficiency
Limbic system - answer-; neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala,
and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with
emotions and drives.
Limbic System: Amygdala - answer-; Gauge and modulate emotions/ thoughts of
death and guilt
Limbic System: Hippocampus - answer-; Affects memory/concentration less size/
neurogenesis in depression, learning
Neurotransmitters and Depression - answer-; ↓Serotonin: mood, sleep,
impulsivity symptoms
↓Dopamine: pleasure, reward, psychomotor activity, fatigue, low energy,
cognition
Gerontology | Questions with Verified Answers | 100%
Correct | Graded A – UTA.
common initial symptom of ACS in pts >80 years? - answer-; SOB
Treatment For hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy? - answer-; "Beta-blockers initially
for symptomatic relief, CCBs for 2nd line tx. Refer to cardiologist for surgical
options.
Avoid intense athletic training."
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy - answer-; heart muscle hardens, restricting the
expansion of the heart, thus limiting the amount of blood it can pump to the rest
of the body
What is the best diagnostic for Valvular disease - answer-; Echocardiogram
Aortic Stenosis Pathophysiology - answer-; Defined as transaortic gradient >
40mmHg or an aortic valve area of <1cm2
-The aortic valve orifice narrows and obstructs left ventricular outflow during
systole.
-Increased resistance to ejection or afterload results in ventricular hypertrophy.
,-As worsens, cardiac output becomes fixed and cannot increase to meet the
demands of the body during exertion. Symptoms then develop.
-Eventually the left ventricle fails, blood backs up in the left atrium, and the
pulmonary system becomes congested. Right-sided HF can occur late in the
disease
aortic regurgitation pathophysiology - answer-; Aortic Valve Does Not Close
Left Ventricle's Volume Increases
Left Ventricle Dilates
Left Ventricle Fails
Decreased Cardiac Output
Pulmonary Edema
Mitral Stenosis Pathophysiology - answer-; -Left atrium: poor blood movement
into the left ventricle
-Poor cardiac output
-Dilation/hypertrophy of left atrium
-Congestion of pulmonary veins
-Right ventricle work harder
-Right ventricle hypertrophies, dilates, and fails
Mitral Valve Regurgitation Pathophysiology - answer-; With each beat of the left
ventricle, some blood is forced back into the left atrium, adding to blood flowing
in from the lungs
- Lungs become congested
, - The volume overload causes ventricular hypertrophy
Systolic Murmurs - answer-; Aortic Stenosis
Mitral Regurgitation
Tricuspid Regurgitation
Pulmonic Stenosis
Diastolic Murmurs - answer-; Mitral stenosis
Tricuspid stenosis
Aortic insufficiency
Pulmonic insufficiency
Limbic system - answer-; neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala,
and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with
emotions and drives.
Limbic System: Amygdala - answer-; Gauge and modulate emotions/ thoughts of
death and guilt
Limbic System: Hippocampus - answer-; Affects memory/concentration less size/
neurogenesis in depression, learning
Neurotransmitters and Depression - answer-; ↓Serotonin: mood, sleep,
impulsivity symptoms
↓Dopamine: pleasure, reward, psychomotor activity, fatigue, low energy,
cognition
