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NR576/ NR 567 Midterm Exam (2025–2026
Updated) | Differential Diagnosis in Adult-
Gerontology Primary Care | Fully Verified
Questions & Answers | Grade A | Chamberlain
Most complications that develop during pregnancy are preventable. What are the major
complications that account for ~75% of all maternal deaths?
1. severe bleeding/hemorrhage
2. infection/sepsis
3. Hypertensive emergency/eclampsia/preeclampsia
4. complications from delivery
5. unsafe abortion
6. The remainder are caused/associated with disease like malaria, and AIDS
Maternal death is?
death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy.
Direct complications in pregnancy include
•Hemorrhage
•Pre-Eclampsia
•Thromboembolism
•Infection
•Obstructed or prolonged labor
•Ectopic pregnancy
•Unsafe abortion
•Surgical
•Anesthetic
Common indirect problems of pregnancy include
•Pre-existing medical conditions
•Epilepsy, Cardiac disease, Diabetes
•Hormone dependent malignancies
•Mental health problems - suicide
•Domestic violence
•Trauma
4 Principles of medical ethics
•Autonomy; respect individual's ability to freely make informed decisions
•Principle of non-maleficence; first do no harm
•Principle of beneficence; to act in the patient's best interest
•Principle of justice; distributing benefits and burden of care fairly across society
,Patient Confidentiality
Patients need to be able to trust a physician will protect shared information
They should feel free to fully disclose sensitive personal information to enable their physician to
most effectively provide needed services
physician have an ethical obligation to preserve the confidentiality of information
In general, patients are entitled to decide whether and to whom their personal health information
is disclosed.
Physicians can break confidentiality if
•Patient lacks medical decision making capacity.
•To other health care personnel for purposes of providing care or for health care operations; or
•To appropriate authorities when disclosure is required by law
•To other third parties situated to mitigate the threat when in the physician's judgment there is a
reasonable probability that:
•The patient will seriously harm him/herself.
•The patient will inflict serious physical harm on an identifiable individual or individuals.
•For any other disclosures, physicians should obtain the consent of the patient (or authorized
surrogate) before disclosing personal health information.
A patient can only exercise their autonomy in making decisions about their own health care if
•they are given information about that care
•they understand the risks and benefits of a specific treatment
•and can apply this information to their health
What are the two types of birthing presentation?
•Cephalic - head down
•Breech - bottom down
Why is dating a pregnancy important?
1. Monitoring fetal growth during the pregnancy
•Growth discrepancies can associated with;
•Placental disorders
•Genetic conditions
•Infections
•Smoking
•Malnutrition
•Anemia
•Diabetes - big babies
2. Estimating due date:
•Risk of still birth increases after 40 weeks
•Allows planning for delivery
What information is included in obstetric history?
•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Number of miscarriages
•Number of terminations of pregnancy
•Number of pregnancies after 24 weeks
•Previous mode of delivery
, •Current pregnancy - any problems or complications
•Previous pregnancy, problems or complications.
•Any significant gynecological history?
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
•Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
What is included in gynecological history?
•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations
•Menstrual history - age of first and last period
•Sexually active?
•Contraception
•Focused history depending on presenting complaint
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
•Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
Why is history taking important?
Gather information to quantify risk in pregnancy.
What do we want from a Healthcare System?
•Quality services
•Ability to manage acute and chronic medical problems
•Well trained workforce
•Evidence based medical guidelines
•Well maintained hospitals and clinics
•Good quality medicines
•Diagnostic services
•Ability to adapt to the needs of the whole population
What are some of the differences between private and public healthcare in SA?
•Public and Private healthcare is available.
•Public health is funded through taxation and national insurance
•Private health is through insurance companies
•16% of the population have health insurance.
•70% of all doctors in South Africa work full time in the private health sector.
What are some of the problems that face SA public healthcare system?
•Cares for the health of 40 million South Africans
•Staffed by 30% of the doctors in the county
•Public hospitals are chronically underfunded
NR576/ NR 567 Midterm Exam (2025–2026
Updated) | Differential Diagnosis in Adult-
Gerontology Primary Care | Fully Verified
Questions & Answers | Grade A | Chamberlain
Most complications that develop during pregnancy are preventable. What are the major
complications that account for ~75% of all maternal deaths?
1. severe bleeding/hemorrhage
2. infection/sepsis
3. Hypertensive emergency/eclampsia/preeclampsia
4. complications from delivery
5. unsafe abortion
6. The remainder are caused/associated with disease like malaria, and AIDS
Maternal death is?
death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy.
Direct complications in pregnancy include
•Hemorrhage
•Pre-Eclampsia
•Thromboembolism
•Infection
•Obstructed or prolonged labor
•Ectopic pregnancy
•Unsafe abortion
•Surgical
•Anesthetic
Common indirect problems of pregnancy include
•Pre-existing medical conditions
•Epilepsy, Cardiac disease, Diabetes
•Hormone dependent malignancies
•Mental health problems - suicide
•Domestic violence
•Trauma
4 Principles of medical ethics
•Autonomy; respect individual's ability to freely make informed decisions
•Principle of non-maleficence; first do no harm
•Principle of beneficence; to act in the patient's best interest
•Principle of justice; distributing benefits and burden of care fairly across society
,Patient Confidentiality
Patients need to be able to trust a physician will protect shared information
They should feel free to fully disclose sensitive personal information to enable their physician to
most effectively provide needed services
physician have an ethical obligation to preserve the confidentiality of information
In general, patients are entitled to decide whether and to whom their personal health information
is disclosed.
Physicians can break confidentiality if
•Patient lacks medical decision making capacity.
•To other health care personnel for purposes of providing care or for health care operations; or
•To appropriate authorities when disclosure is required by law
•To other third parties situated to mitigate the threat when in the physician's judgment there is a
reasonable probability that:
•The patient will seriously harm him/herself.
•The patient will inflict serious physical harm on an identifiable individual or individuals.
•For any other disclosures, physicians should obtain the consent of the patient (or authorized
surrogate) before disclosing personal health information.
A patient can only exercise their autonomy in making decisions about their own health care if
•they are given information about that care
•they understand the risks and benefits of a specific treatment
•and can apply this information to their health
What are the two types of birthing presentation?
•Cephalic - head down
•Breech - bottom down
Why is dating a pregnancy important?
1. Monitoring fetal growth during the pregnancy
•Growth discrepancies can associated with;
•Placental disorders
•Genetic conditions
•Infections
•Smoking
•Malnutrition
•Anemia
•Diabetes - big babies
2. Estimating due date:
•Risk of still birth increases after 40 weeks
•Allows planning for delivery
What information is included in obstetric history?
•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Number of miscarriages
•Number of terminations of pregnancy
•Number of pregnancies after 24 weeks
•Previous mode of delivery
, •Current pregnancy - any problems or complications
•Previous pregnancy, problems or complications.
•Any significant gynecological history?
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
•Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
What is included in gynecological history?
•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations
•Menstrual history - age of first and last period
•Sexually active?
•Contraception
•Focused history depending on presenting complaint
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
•Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
Why is history taking important?
Gather information to quantify risk in pregnancy.
What do we want from a Healthcare System?
•Quality services
•Ability to manage acute and chronic medical problems
•Well trained workforce
•Evidence based medical guidelines
•Well maintained hospitals and clinics
•Good quality medicines
•Diagnostic services
•Ability to adapt to the needs of the whole population
What are some of the differences between private and public healthcare in SA?
•Public and Private healthcare is available.
•Public health is funded through taxation and national insurance
•Private health is through insurance companies
•16% of the population have health insurance.
•70% of all doctors in South Africa work full time in the private health sector.
What are some of the problems that face SA public healthcare system?
•Cares for the health of 40 million South Africans
•Staffed by 30% of the doctors in the county
•Public hospitals are chronically underfunded
