Criminological Theory A Brief
Introduction – 4th Edition
UV
MANUAL & TEST
IA
BANK
_A
PP
Mitchell Miller
RO
Comprehensive Manual & Test Bank for
VE
Instructors and Students
D?
© Mitchell Miller
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All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©Medexcellence ✅��
, Table of Contents
Page
Introduction to the Instructor's Manual 4
UV
Part 1: Chapter Overviews and Lecture Outlines
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 6
Chapter 2: Classical and Neoclassical Criminology 14
Chapter 3: Biological Theories of Crime 20
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories of Crime 31
IA
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology of Crime 41
Chapter 6: Learning and Cultural Transmission Theories of 50
Crime
Chapter 7: Strain Theories of Crime 60
_A
Chapter 8: Control Theories of Crime 68
Chapter 9: Theories of Social Conflict 75
Chapter 10: Evaluating and Integrating Theory 85
PP
Part 2: Test Bank Questions
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 93
Chapter 2: Classical and Neoclassical Criminology 109
Chapter 3: Biological Theories of Crime 125
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories of Crime 140
RO
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology of Crime 154
Chapter 6: Learning and Cultural Transmission Theories of 168
Crime
Chapter 7: Strain Theories of Crime 183
Chapter 8: Control Theories of Crime 198
VE
Chapter 9: Theories of Social Conflict 213
Chapter 10: Evaluating and Integrating Theory 227
D?
Part 3: Answer Key
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 241
Chapter 2: Classical and Neoclassical Criminology 244
Chapter 3: Biological Theories of Crime 247
??
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories of Crime 250
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology of Crime 253
Chapter 6: Learning and Cultural Transmission Theories of 256
Crime
??
Chapter 7: Strain Theories of Crime 260
Chapter 8: Control Theories of Crime 264
3
, Chapter 1
Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview
Chapter Overview:
UV
This chapter begins by defining criminology as focused on the process of
making and breaking laws. It distinguishes criminal justice from criminology
in that the former is more “solutions-oriented” while the latter is more
concerned with the discovery of causes and reasons for committing crime
IA
and theory creation. The authors are quick to point out, however, that
criminal justice practitioners and criminological theorists rely upon one
another to effect change in human behavior. The next section of the chapter
_A
outlines the "evolution" of criminology from the ancient Babylonian Code of
Hammurabi to the current hegemonic status of the sociological perspective
of crime. Therein, the authors note that criminologists often disagree about
the reasons for crime and its relationship to various social problems. Some
PP
scholars argue in favor of individual-level explanations of human behavior
(i.e., micro-level theories) while others espouse macro-level explanations of
crime. These macro-level theories typically focus on social ills such as
poverty, unemployment, and overall disadvantage. The objective of this
introductory chapter is to "prime" the reader toward the notion that a
RO
variety of theoretical perspectives exist and that all have some bearing on
crime. Some theoretical accounts have competing interests while others are
more complimentary. The authors offer guidance to readers to understand
how one can assess the quality of an individual theory and describe how
VE
quality theories can help create an evidence-base to shape criminal justice
practice and policies in an informed, productive way.
Learning Objectives:
D?
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
(1) Understand the origins of criminological theory
(2) Discuss the process of theory construction
(3) Describe how to assess the relative merit of a particular theory on the
??
grounds of its explanatory value
(4) Explain the possible applicability of criminological theory for criminal
justice practices and policies in a general way
??
Key Terms:
6
, Chicago School
Classical School of Criminology
Correlation
UV
Crime Rate
Criminality
Criminology
Determinism
Positivism
IA
Social Contract
Theory
_A
Lecture Outline:
I. Introduction
A. Criminology is focused on the processes of making and breaking laws
B. Criminologists seek to understand the "why" of crime (i.e., why did person
PP
A become a criminal but person B did not?) and the causes of crime
C. We know certain “facts” regarding the causes and nature of crime
D. Criminologists observe the realities of crime and try to piece together
explanations
a) some look to individual-level explanations
RO
b) others look to macro-level explanations
II. The Origins and Evolution of Criminology
A. Attention to crime can be traced back to ancient Babylonia and the Code
of Hammurabi as well as in the Judeo-Christian perspective depicted in
the Bible
B. The family-revenge model of justice became dominant during the feudal
VE
era
a) Trial by battle
i. The victim or victim’s family member would fight the
offender or offender’s family member
b) Trial by ordeal
D?
i. The accused was subject to a test that would determine
his/her innocence (run the gauntlet or dunked in water
while bound with a robe)
C. Spirituality continued to affect interpretations of crime causation
a) Salem Witch Trials-result from belief that crime could be
??
attributed to witchcraft and demonic possession
b) Emergence of penitentiaries or correctional institutions in
Philadelphia by Quakers who believed that isolation, labor, and
Bible reading would rehabilitate the offender (e.g., spiritual
??
enlightenment can be a crime solution, just today’s faith-based
approaches)
7
Introduction – 4th Edition
UV
MANUAL & TEST
IA
BANK
_A
PP
Mitchell Miller
RO
Comprehensive Manual & Test Bank for
VE
Instructors and Students
D?
© Mitchell Miller
??
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©Medexcellence ✅��
, Table of Contents
Page
Introduction to the Instructor's Manual 4
UV
Part 1: Chapter Overviews and Lecture Outlines
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 6
Chapter 2: Classical and Neoclassical Criminology 14
Chapter 3: Biological Theories of Crime 20
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories of Crime 31
IA
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology of Crime 41
Chapter 6: Learning and Cultural Transmission Theories of 50
Crime
Chapter 7: Strain Theories of Crime 60
_A
Chapter 8: Control Theories of Crime 68
Chapter 9: Theories of Social Conflict 75
Chapter 10: Evaluating and Integrating Theory 85
PP
Part 2: Test Bank Questions
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 93
Chapter 2: Classical and Neoclassical Criminology 109
Chapter 3: Biological Theories of Crime 125
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories of Crime 140
RO
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology of Crime 154
Chapter 6: Learning and Cultural Transmission Theories of 168
Crime
Chapter 7: Strain Theories of Crime 183
Chapter 8: Control Theories of Crime 198
VE
Chapter 9: Theories of Social Conflict 213
Chapter 10: Evaluating and Integrating Theory 227
D?
Part 3: Answer Key
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 241
Chapter 2: Classical and Neoclassical Criminology 244
Chapter 3: Biological Theories of Crime 247
??
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories of Crime 250
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology of Crime 253
Chapter 6: Learning and Cultural Transmission Theories of 256
Crime
??
Chapter 7: Strain Theories of Crime 260
Chapter 8: Control Theories of Crime 264
3
, Chapter 1
Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview
Chapter Overview:
UV
This chapter begins by defining criminology as focused on the process of
making and breaking laws. It distinguishes criminal justice from criminology
in that the former is more “solutions-oriented” while the latter is more
concerned with the discovery of causes and reasons for committing crime
IA
and theory creation. The authors are quick to point out, however, that
criminal justice practitioners and criminological theorists rely upon one
another to effect change in human behavior. The next section of the chapter
_A
outlines the "evolution" of criminology from the ancient Babylonian Code of
Hammurabi to the current hegemonic status of the sociological perspective
of crime. Therein, the authors note that criminologists often disagree about
the reasons for crime and its relationship to various social problems. Some
PP
scholars argue in favor of individual-level explanations of human behavior
(i.e., micro-level theories) while others espouse macro-level explanations of
crime. These macro-level theories typically focus on social ills such as
poverty, unemployment, and overall disadvantage. The objective of this
introductory chapter is to "prime" the reader toward the notion that a
RO
variety of theoretical perspectives exist and that all have some bearing on
crime. Some theoretical accounts have competing interests while others are
more complimentary. The authors offer guidance to readers to understand
how one can assess the quality of an individual theory and describe how
VE
quality theories can help create an evidence-base to shape criminal justice
practice and policies in an informed, productive way.
Learning Objectives:
D?
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
(1) Understand the origins of criminological theory
(2) Discuss the process of theory construction
(3) Describe how to assess the relative merit of a particular theory on the
??
grounds of its explanatory value
(4) Explain the possible applicability of criminological theory for criminal
justice practices and policies in a general way
??
Key Terms:
6
, Chicago School
Classical School of Criminology
Correlation
UV
Crime Rate
Criminality
Criminology
Determinism
Positivism
IA
Social Contract
Theory
_A
Lecture Outline:
I. Introduction
A. Criminology is focused on the processes of making and breaking laws
B. Criminologists seek to understand the "why" of crime (i.e., why did person
PP
A become a criminal but person B did not?) and the causes of crime
C. We know certain “facts” regarding the causes and nature of crime
D. Criminologists observe the realities of crime and try to piece together
explanations
a) some look to individual-level explanations
RO
b) others look to macro-level explanations
II. The Origins and Evolution of Criminology
A. Attention to crime can be traced back to ancient Babylonia and the Code
of Hammurabi as well as in the Judeo-Christian perspective depicted in
the Bible
B. The family-revenge model of justice became dominant during the feudal
VE
era
a) Trial by battle
i. The victim or victim’s family member would fight the
offender or offender’s family member
b) Trial by ordeal
D?
i. The accused was subject to a test that would determine
his/her innocence (run the gauntlet or dunked in water
while bound with a robe)
C. Spirituality continued to affect interpretations of crime causation
a) Salem Witch Trials-result from belief that crime could be
??
attributed to witchcraft and demonic possession
b) Emergence of penitentiaries or correctional institutions in
Philadelphia by Quakers who believed that isolation, labor, and
Bible reading would rehabilitate the offender (e.g., spiritual
??
enlightenment can be a crime solution, just today’s faith-based
approaches)
7
