Criminal Investigation (Justice Series)
– 3rd Edition
UV
MANUAL & TEST
IA
_A
BANK
PP
RO
Michael D. Lyman
VE
Comprehensive Manual & Test Bank
D?
for Instructors and Students
??
© Michael D. Lyman
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©Medexcellence ✅��
, Contents
To the Instructor iv
Syllabi v
UV
Chapter 1: Foundations of Criminal Investigation 1
Chapter 2: The Crime Scene: Field Notes, Documenting, and Reporting 18
Chapter 3: Processing the Crime Scene 36
Chapter 4: Identifying Criminal Suspects: Field and Laboratory Processes 50
IA
Chapter 5: Legal Issues in Criminal Investigation 66
Chapter 6: Interviews and Interrogations 83
Chapter 7: Criminal Intelligence and Surveillance Operations 97
_A
Chapter 8: Informant Management and Undercover Operations 111
Chapter 9: Death Investigations 125
Chapter 10: Robbery 140
Chapter 11: Assault and Related Offenses 152
Chapter 12: Missing and Abducted Persons 166
PP
Chapter 13: Crimes against Children: Child Abuse and Child Fatalities 179
Chapter 14: Theft and Fraud-Related Offenses 200
Chapter 15: Arson and Bombings 218
Chapter 16: Terrorism and National Security Crimes 229
RO
Test Bank 244
VE
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??
??
iii
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.
, CHAPTER 1
Foundations of Criminal Investigations
UV
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The roots of America’s system of criminal investigation go back to the towns and cities of
England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As cities grew so did the rates of crime,
and this forced law enforcement officials to take drastic measures. As a result, thief catchers were
recruited from the riffraff of the streets to aid law enforcement officials in locating criminals.
IA
Two classes of thief catchers were identified: (1) hirelings, whose motivations were mercenary in
nature; and (2) social climbers, who would implicate their accomplices in order to move up the
social ladder. Over time, American law enforcement developed into the multi-system approach
seen today.
_A
The seeds of modern forensic science were sown in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
Progress from that time has been slow but steady. The American Academy of Forensic Sciences
(AAFS), a professional organization of forensic scientists in America, was established in 1948.
Specific areas of expertise of AAFS members include pathology and biology, toxicology,
criminalistics, questioned documents, and forensic odontology and anthropology.
PP
As with other aspects of criminal justice, research plays an important role in helping us to
understand how criminal investigations can be more effective. Early studies by both the RAND
Corporation and the Police Executive Research Forum challenged long-held opinions about
criminal investigation and made some practical recommendations.
RO
Because of the changing nature of criminal activity and the role of the investigator, the objectives
of the criminal investigation may be more complex than many people imagine. The premise
behind the criminal investigation field is that people make mistakes while committing crimes. As
a result of these oversights, evidence of who committed the crime is also left behind. It is the job
VE
of the criminal investigator to know how, when, and where to look for such evidence.
After an initial evaluation of evidence in a case, the criminal investigator draws conclusions
through a process of reasoning. This process is typically achieved through inductive or deductive
reasoning.
D?
Many myths exist regarding the role of criminal investigators. Some studies have suggested that
the role played by investigators is overrated and that their time could probably be spent more
productively by focusing on crimes with the best likelihood of clearance. Other researchers
suggest that the investigative process is a valid utility in crime detection but should be augmented
??
by the use of proactive patrol programs.
A law enforcement agency’s reporting system is inextricably bound to the investigative role of
the patrol officer. Redefining the role of patrol officers aims to ensure that evidence supporting
the continual investigation or case closure is collected at the earliest possible point in the
??
investigative process. This reporting system serves as the foundation for the criminal
investigation. The reporting system is defined by two basic components, which in combination
1
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.
, form the basis for an initial investigation. The first is a format that logically guides the
identification leads, or solvability factors, that experience and research have demonstrated are
most likely to result in case solution. The second provides an opportunity for details of the
investigation thus far expended so that the follow-up plans do not unnecessarily duplicate tasks
already completed.
UV
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1. Explain the history of criminal investigation.
2. Identify how scientific advancements affected the process of criminal investigation.
3. Explain the current research in criminal investigation.
IA
4. Discuss the objectives of criminal investigation.
5. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.
6. Explain the expanding role of the patrol officer as criminal investigator.
7. Discuss the solvability factors in a criminal investigation.
_A
LECTURE OUTLINE
I. The History of Criminal Investigation
A. The History of Criminal Investigation
PP
1. Roots of America’s system of criminal investigation go back to towns and cities of
England during eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
• As cities grew, so did rates of crime
• Forced law enforcement to take drastic measures
2. Thief catchers
RO
• Recruited from riffraff of streets to aid in locating criminals
• Two classes:
a. Hirelings
b. Social climbers
B. Criminal Investigation in England
VE
1. Criminal Investigation in England
• During 1750s, crimes such as burglary and street robbery were rampant in
England
• Henry Fielding
D?
a. Took on challenge of reducing profits realized by criminals
b. Established working relationships with local business owners, in particular
pawnbrokers
i. Provided with lists of stolen property
ii. Encouraged them to contact him if any stolen property came to their
??
attention
c. Appointed handful of parish constables acclimated to night watchman duties
d. Trackers soon began to perform criminal functions
e. Originally called “Mr. Fielding’s People”
i. Soon became known as the Bow Street Runners
??
2
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.
– 3rd Edition
UV
MANUAL & TEST
IA
_A
BANK
PP
RO
Michael D. Lyman
VE
Comprehensive Manual & Test Bank
D?
for Instructors and Students
??
© Michael D. Lyman
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©Medexcellence ✅��
, Contents
To the Instructor iv
Syllabi v
UV
Chapter 1: Foundations of Criminal Investigation 1
Chapter 2: The Crime Scene: Field Notes, Documenting, and Reporting 18
Chapter 3: Processing the Crime Scene 36
Chapter 4: Identifying Criminal Suspects: Field and Laboratory Processes 50
IA
Chapter 5: Legal Issues in Criminal Investigation 66
Chapter 6: Interviews and Interrogations 83
Chapter 7: Criminal Intelligence and Surveillance Operations 97
_A
Chapter 8: Informant Management and Undercover Operations 111
Chapter 9: Death Investigations 125
Chapter 10: Robbery 140
Chapter 11: Assault and Related Offenses 152
Chapter 12: Missing and Abducted Persons 166
PP
Chapter 13: Crimes against Children: Child Abuse and Child Fatalities 179
Chapter 14: Theft and Fraud-Related Offenses 200
Chapter 15: Arson and Bombings 218
Chapter 16: Terrorism and National Security Crimes 229
RO
Test Bank 244
VE
D?
??
??
iii
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.
, CHAPTER 1
Foundations of Criminal Investigations
UV
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The roots of America’s system of criminal investigation go back to the towns and cities of
England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As cities grew so did the rates of crime,
and this forced law enforcement officials to take drastic measures. As a result, thief catchers were
recruited from the riffraff of the streets to aid law enforcement officials in locating criminals.
IA
Two classes of thief catchers were identified: (1) hirelings, whose motivations were mercenary in
nature; and (2) social climbers, who would implicate their accomplices in order to move up the
social ladder. Over time, American law enforcement developed into the multi-system approach
seen today.
_A
The seeds of modern forensic science were sown in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
Progress from that time has been slow but steady. The American Academy of Forensic Sciences
(AAFS), a professional organization of forensic scientists in America, was established in 1948.
Specific areas of expertise of AAFS members include pathology and biology, toxicology,
criminalistics, questioned documents, and forensic odontology and anthropology.
PP
As with other aspects of criminal justice, research plays an important role in helping us to
understand how criminal investigations can be more effective. Early studies by both the RAND
Corporation and the Police Executive Research Forum challenged long-held opinions about
criminal investigation and made some practical recommendations.
RO
Because of the changing nature of criminal activity and the role of the investigator, the objectives
of the criminal investigation may be more complex than many people imagine. The premise
behind the criminal investigation field is that people make mistakes while committing crimes. As
a result of these oversights, evidence of who committed the crime is also left behind. It is the job
VE
of the criminal investigator to know how, when, and where to look for such evidence.
After an initial evaluation of evidence in a case, the criminal investigator draws conclusions
through a process of reasoning. This process is typically achieved through inductive or deductive
reasoning.
D?
Many myths exist regarding the role of criminal investigators. Some studies have suggested that
the role played by investigators is overrated and that their time could probably be spent more
productively by focusing on crimes with the best likelihood of clearance. Other researchers
suggest that the investigative process is a valid utility in crime detection but should be augmented
??
by the use of proactive patrol programs.
A law enforcement agency’s reporting system is inextricably bound to the investigative role of
the patrol officer. Redefining the role of patrol officers aims to ensure that evidence supporting
the continual investigation or case closure is collected at the earliest possible point in the
??
investigative process. This reporting system serves as the foundation for the criminal
investigation. The reporting system is defined by two basic components, which in combination
1
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.
, form the basis for an initial investigation. The first is a format that logically guides the
identification leads, or solvability factors, that experience and research have demonstrated are
most likely to result in case solution. The second provides an opportunity for details of the
investigation thus far expended so that the follow-up plans do not unnecessarily duplicate tasks
already completed.
UV
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1. Explain the history of criminal investigation.
2. Identify how scientific advancements affected the process of criminal investigation.
3. Explain the current research in criminal investigation.
IA
4. Discuss the objectives of criminal investigation.
5. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.
6. Explain the expanding role of the patrol officer as criminal investigator.
7. Discuss the solvability factors in a criminal investigation.
_A
LECTURE OUTLINE
I. The History of Criminal Investigation
A. The History of Criminal Investigation
PP
1. Roots of America’s system of criminal investigation go back to towns and cities of
England during eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
• As cities grew, so did rates of crime
• Forced law enforcement to take drastic measures
2. Thief catchers
RO
• Recruited from riffraff of streets to aid in locating criminals
• Two classes:
a. Hirelings
b. Social climbers
B. Criminal Investigation in England
VE
1. Criminal Investigation in England
• During 1750s, crimes such as burglary and street robbery were rampant in
England
• Henry Fielding
D?
a. Took on challenge of reducing profits realized by criminals
b. Established working relationships with local business owners, in particular
pawnbrokers
i. Provided with lists of stolen property
ii. Encouraged them to contact him if any stolen property came to their
??
attention
c. Appointed handful of parish constables acclimated to night watchman duties
d. Trackers soon began to perform criminal functions
e. Originally called “Mr. Fielding’s People”
i. Soon became known as the Bow Street Runners
??
2
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.
