ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — From Cells to
Organ Systems
Stem: A 68-year-old man has ischemia to part of his lower leg
after an arterial embolus. Nursing documentation must
describe the level of structure damaged to explain loss of tissue
perfusion and kidney-mediated metabolic consequences. Which
description best identifies the primary level of organization
affected and explains systemic consequences?
Options:
A. Cellular level — ischemia injures myocytes causing release of
intracellular enzymes that affect renal filtration.
B. Tissue level — ischemia destroys connective tissue only,
,which then causes systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
C. Organ level — ischemia affects the entire leg as one organ,
altering central blood pressure control.
D. Organ system level — ischemia to the limb is a failure of the
endocrine system causing systemic hypotension.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale — Correct (A): Ischemia first injures cells (cellular
level); injured cells release intracellular enzymes and
metabolites that can alter circulating factors and affect organs
like the kidney. This links the cellular injury to systemic
metabolic consequences.
Rationale — Incorrect (B): Ischemia does not selectively
destroy only connective tissue; multiple tissue types are
affected and the earliest significant change is cellular.
Rationale — Incorrect (C): A limb is composed of many organs
and tissues; calling the whole limb a single organ oversimplifies
the levels of organization.
Rationale — Incorrect (D): Limb ischemia is not a primary
endocrine system failure; it is a local perfusion problem with
potential systemic effects.
Teaching Point: Cellular injury is the first level at which ischemia
produces systemic effects.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
2
,Reference: Ch. 1 — Metabolism and Homeostasis — Negative
and Positive Feedback
Stem: A postoperative patient develops a fever to 39.5°C
(103.1°F). The nurse gives antipyretic medication which lowers
the hypothalamic set point. Which mechanism best explains
how the medication restores normal temperature?
Options:
A. It activates positive feedback to eliminate pyrogens.
B. It resets the hypothalamic control center set point toward
normal, allowing negative feedback to reduce temperature.
C. It increases metabolic heat production so peripheral
vasodilation can cool the body.
D. It increases shivering to use heat so that core temperature
drops.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale — Correct (B): Antipyretics act on the hypothalamic
control center to lower the set point; the body’s negative-
feedback mechanisms (vasodilation, sweating) then reduce core
temperature toward the new set point.
Rationale — Incorrect (A): Positive feedback amplifies
responses and is not the mechanism to lower fever.
Rationale — Incorrect (C): Increasing metabolic heat would
raise temperature, not lower it; cooling occurs via vasodilation
and sweating.
Rationale — Incorrect (D): Shivering produces heat; it occurs
when the set point is raised, not when the set point is lowered
by an antipyretic.
, Teaching Point: Antipyretics lower hypothalamic set point so
negative feedback reduces body temperature.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Terminology and General Plan of the Body
— Planes and Sections
Stem: A trauma patient will have a CT scan ordered to evaluate
suspected spinal cord compression at the cervical region. The
physician asks for images that best visualize anterior-posterior
displacement of vertebral bodies and the spinal canal. Which
imaging plane should the tech prioritize?
Options:
A. Transverse (cross) plane — to show anterior-posterior
relationships in each slice.
B. Frontal (coronal) plane — to visualize lateral movement but
not anterior-posterior displacement.
C. Sagittal plane — to display anterior-posterior alignment along
the cervical spine.
D. Oblique plane — to show only neural foramina, not anterior-
posterior displacement.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale — Correct (C): The sagittal plane slices the body into
left and right portions, allowing visualization of anterior-
posterior alignment along the spinal column and spinal canal
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — From Cells to
Organ Systems
Stem: A 68-year-old man has ischemia to part of his lower leg
after an arterial embolus. Nursing documentation must
describe the level of structure damaged to explain loss of tissue
perfusion and kidney-mediated metabolic consequences. Which
description best identifies the primary level of organization
affected and explains systemic consequences?
Options:
A. Cellular level — ischemia injures myocytes causing release of
intracellular enzymes that affect renal filtration.
B. Tissue level — ischemia destroys connective tissue only,
,which then causes systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
C. Organ level — ischemia affects the entire leg as one organ,
altering central blood pressure control.
D. Organ system level — ischemia to the limb is a failure of the
endocrine system causing systemic hypotension.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale — Correct (A): Ischemia first injures cells (cellular
level); injured cells release intracellular enzymes and
metabolites that can alter circulating factors and affect organs
like the kidney. This links the cellular injury to systemic
metabolic consequences.
Rationale — Incorrect (B): Ischemia does not selectively
destroy only connective tissue; multiple tissue types are
affected and the earliest significant change is cellular.
Rationale — Incorrect (C): A limb is composed of many organs
and tissues; calling the whole limb a single organ oversimplifies
the levels of organization.
Rationale — Incorrect (D): Limb ischemia is not a primary
endocrine system failure; it is a local perfusion problem with
potential systemic effects.
Teaching Point: Cellular injury is the first level at which ischemia
produces systemic effects.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
2
,Reference: Ch. 1 — Metabolism and Homeostasis — Negative
and Positive Feedback
Stem: A postoperative patient develops a fever to 39.5°C
(103.1°F). The nurse gives antipyretic medication which lowers
the hypothalamic set point. Which mechanism best explains
how the medication restores normal temperature?
Options:
A. It activates positive feedback to eliminate pyrogens.
B. It resets the hypothalamic control center set point toward
normal, allowing negative feedback to reduce temperature.
C. It increases metabolic heat production so peripheral
vasodilation can cool the body.
D. It increases shivering to use heat so that core temperature
drops.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale — Correct (B): Antipyretics act on the hypothalamic
control center to lower the set point; the body’s negative-
feedback mechanisms (vasodilation, sweating) then reduce core
temperature toward the new set point.
Rationale — Incorrect (A): Positive feedback amplifies
responses and is not the mechanism to lower fever.
Rationale — Incorrect (C): Increasing metabolic heat would
raise temperature, not lower it; cooling occurs via vasodilation
and sweating.
Rationale — Incorrect (D): Shivering produces heat; it occurs
when the set point is raised, not when the set point is lowered
by an antipyretic.
, Teaching Point: Antipyretics lower hypothalamic set point so
negative feedback reduces body temperature.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Terminology and General Plan of the Body
— Planes and Sections
Stem: A trauma patient will have a CT scan ordered to evaluate
suspected spinal cord compression at the cervical region. The
physician asks for images that best visualize anterior-posterior
displacement of vertebral bodies and the spinal canal. Which
imaging plane should the tech prioritize?
Options:
A. Transverse (cross) plane — to show anterior-posterior
relationships in each slice.
B. Frontal (coronal) plane — to visualize lateral movement but
not anterior-posterior displacement.
C. Sagittal plane — to display anterior-posterior alignment along
the cervical spine.
D. Oblique plane — to show only neural foramina, not anterior-
posterior displacement.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale — Correct (C): The sagittal plane slices the body into
left and right portions, allowing visualization of anterior-
posterior alignment along the spinal column and spinal canal
