Leigh
NR565 / NR 565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FINAL
EXAM ANSWER KEY WITH RATIONALES
1.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth and replication; they do not directly kill
all bacteria but allow the host immune system to clear the infection.
2.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Aminoglycosides are classically bactericidal at standard doses by disrupting protein
synthesis in a way that kills bacteria; tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides are usually
bacteriostatic.
3. (SATA)
Correct answers: A, B, C, D
Rationale: Clindamycin, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines are typically bacteriostatic;
aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones are usually bactericidal.
4. (SATA)
Correct answers: A, B, C, D, E, F
Rationale: Aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, streptogramins,
and vancomycin are commonly categorized as bactericidal agents.
5.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Repeated antibiotic exposure in a short time strongly promotes selection of resistant
organisms, much more than age or rural residence alone.
,Leigh
6. (SATA)
Correct answers: A, B, C, E, F
Rationale: Daycare attendance, age <2, age >65, multiple comorbidities, and
immunosuppression all increase infection risk and antibiotic exposure, promoting resistance;
“no prior antibiotic exposure” does not increase resistance.
7.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Penicillin V (or amoxicillin) is first-line for streptococcal pharyngitis in non-allergic
patients; broader-spectrum agents are unnecessary.
8.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Amoxicillin–clavulanate is recommended first-line for human bites because it covers
aerobic and anaerobic oral flora, including beta-lactamase producers.
9.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Natural penicillins are most active against many aerobic gram-positive organisms
(e.g., streptococci), not Pseudomonas or atypicals.
10.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Aminopenicillins extend coverage to certain gram-negative organisms (e.g., H.
influenzae, some enteric bacilli) compared with natural PCNs.
11.
, Leigh
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Adding beta-lactamase inhibitors protects the beta-lactam ring, broadening
coverage to organisms that produce beta-lactamase.
12.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Clavulanate, sulbactam, and tazobactam are classic beta-lactamase inhibitors used in
combination with penicillins.
13.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (dicloxacillin, nafcillin) are designed for
penicillinase-producing MSSA, not MRSA or Pseudomonas.
14.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Anti-pseudomonal penicillins (piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin combinations)
expand coverage to gram-negative organisms including Pseudomonas.
15.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: First-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cephalexin) have strong activity against gram-
positive cocci, especially skin flora.
16.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Second-generation cephalosporins add better coverage of H. influenzae and some
anaerobes like B. fragilis compared with first generation.
NR565 / NR 565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FINAL
EXAM ANSWER KEY WITH RATIONALES
1.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth and replication; they do not directly kill
all bacteria but allow the host immune system to clear the infection.
2.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Aminoglycosides are classically bactericidal at standard doses by disrupting protein
synthesis in a way that kills bacteria; tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides are usually
bacteriostatic.
3. (SATA)
Correct answers: A, B, C, D
Rationale: Clindamycin, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines are typically bacteriostatic;
aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones are usually bactericidal.
4. (SATA)
Correct answers: A, B, C, D, E, F
Rationale: Aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, streptogramins,
and vancomycin are commonly categorized as bactericidal agents.
5.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Repeated antibiotic exposure in a short time strongly promotes selection of resistant
organisms, much more than age or rural residence alone.
,Leigh
6. (SATA)
Correct answers: A, B, C, E, F
Rationale: Daycare attendance, age <2, age >65, multiple comorbidities, and
immunosuppression all increase infection risk and antibiotic exposure, promoting resistance;
“no prior antibiotic exposure” does not increase resistance.
7.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Penicillin V (or amoxicillin) is first-line for streptococcal pharyngitis in non-allergic
patients; broader-spectrum agents are unnecessary.
8.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Amoxicillin–clavulanate is recommended first-line for human bites because it covers
aerobic and anaerobic oral flora, including beta-lactamase producers.
9.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Natural penicillins are most active against many aerobic gram-positive organisms
(e.g., streptococci), not Pseudomonas or atypicals.
10.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Aminopenicillins extend coverage to certain gram-negative organisms (e.g., H.
influenzae, some enteric bacilli) compared with natural PCNs.
11.
, Leigh
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Adding beta-lactamase inhibitors protects the beta-lactam ring, broadening
coverage to organisms that produce beta-lactamase.
12.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Clavulanate, sulbactam, and tazobactam are classic beta-lactamase inhibitors used in
combination with penicillins.
13.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (dicloxacillin, nafcillin) are designed for
penicillinase-producing MSSA, not MRSA or Pseudomonas.
14.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Anti-pseudomonal penicillins (piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin combinations)
expand coverage to gram-negative organisms including Pseudomonas.
15.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: First-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cephalexin) have strong activity against gram-
positive cocci, especially skin flora.
16.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Second-generation cephalosporins add better coverage of H. influenzae and some
anaerobes like B. fragilis compared with first generation.
