TEST BANK FOR ESSENTIALECELL BIOLOGY, 6TH
FIFTH EDITION by ALBERTS, HOPKIN,JOHNSON,
MORGAN,RAFF,ROBERT& WALTER
M
ED
ST
U
D
Y
,CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
E E E E E
Unity and Diversity of Cells
E E E
1-1 Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that ther
E
e are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it re
E
mains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be describ
E E
ed as the smallest living unit?
(a) DNA (b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
A. The Paramecium is a multicellular microorganism covered with hairlike cilia.
B. Cells of different types can have different chemical requirements. C.
The branchlike extensions that sprout from a single nerve cell in a
M
mammalian brain can extend over several hundred micrometers.
1-3 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the li
E
ED
st below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once.
E E
Cells can be very diverse: superficially, they come in various sizes, ranging from bacterial
cells such as Lactobacillus, which is a few
in length, to larger cells such as a frog’s egg, which has a diameter of abo
ut one
ST
. Despite the diversity, cells resemble each other to an astonishing degree E
in their chemistry. For example, the same 20
are used to make proteins. Similarly, the genetic information of all cells is
stored in their
. Although
U
contain the same types of molecules as cells, their inability to reproduce t
hemselves by their own efforts means that they are not considered living matter.
D
amino acids
E micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s) plant yeast
fatty acids s
Y
meter plasma membranes
,1-4 How does cellular specialization serve multicellular organisms and how might a
E
high degree of specialization be detrimental?
E
1-5 The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical reactions t
hat result in the production of proteins, each with its own specific order of amino ac
E E
ids. Choose the correct series of biochemical reactions from the options presented
here.
(a) replication, transcription, translation
(b) replication, translation, transcription
(c) translation, transcription, replication
(d) translation, replication, transcription
1-6 Proteins are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helpi
ng to determine its chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the
environment. Remarkably, all of the different proteins in a cell are made from the s
ame 20
M
. By linking them in different sequences, the cell can
make protein molecules with different conformations and surface chemistries, and
therefore different functions.
ED
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) amino acids.
(d) fatty acids.
1-7 Which statement is NOT true about mutations?
ST
(a) A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for s
E
urvival than their parents.
(b) A mutation can be a result of imperfect DNA duplication.
(c) A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction.
(d) A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring that are as fi
U
t for survival as their parents are.
1-8 Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring t
E E
D
hat are altered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of change and sel
ection over the course of many generations is the basis of .
(a) mutation.
Y
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Select the option that best finishes the following statement: “Evolution is a p
E E
rocess .”
(a) that can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection.
E
(b) that results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years.
(c) by which all present-day cells arose from 4–5 different ancestral cells.
(d) that requires hundreds of thousands of years.
, 1-10 Select the option that correctly finishes the following statement: “A cell’s genome
.”
(a) is defined as all the genes being used to make protein.
(b) contains all of a cell’s DNA.
E
(c) constantly changes, depending upon the cell’s environment.
(d) is altered during embryonic development.
Cells Under the Microscope
E
1-11 Which statement is NOT true about the events/conclusions from studies during t
he mid-1800s surrounding the discovery of cells?
(a) Cells came to be known as the smallest universal building block of living o
rganisms.
(b) Scientists came to the conclusion that new cells can form spontaneously f
E
rom the remnants of ruptured cells.
M
(c) Light microscopy was essential in demonstrating the commonalities
between plant and animal tissues.
(d) New cells arise from the growth and division of previously existing cells.
E
ED
1-12 What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical plant or animal c
E
ell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
ST
(d) micrometers
1-13 Match the type of microscopy on the left with the corresponding description p
E
rovided below. There is one best match for each.
A. confocal
B. transmission electron
U
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanning electron
D
F. bright-field
uses a light microscope with an optical component to take advantage of the di
Y
fferent refractive indices of light passing through different regions of the cel
l.
employs a light microscope and requires that samples be fixed and stained in o
rder to reveal cellular details.
requires the use of two sets of filters. The first filter narrows the wavelength ran
ge that reaches the specimen and the second blocks out all wavelengths that
pass back up to the eyepiece except for those emitted by the dye in the sampl
e.
scans the specimen with a focused laser beam to obtain a series of two-
E
dimensional optical sections, which can be used to reconstruct an image of
FIFTH EDITION by ALBERTS, HOPKIN,JOHNSON,
MORGAN,RAFF,ROBERT& WALTER
M
ED
ST
U
D
Y
,CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
E E E E E
Unity and Diversity of Cells
E E E
1-1 Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that ther
E
e are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it re
E
mains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be describ
E E
ed as the smallest living unit?
(a) DNA (b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
A. The Paramecium is a multicellular microorganism covered with hairlike cilia.
B. Cells of different types can have different chemical requirements. C.
The branchlike extensions that sprout from a single nerve cell in a
M
mammalian brain can extend over several hundred micrometers.
1-3 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the li
E
ED
st below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once.
E E
Cells can be very diverse: superficially, they come in various sizes, ranging from bacterial
cells such as Lactobacillus, which is a few
in length, to larger cells such as a frog’s egg, which has a diameter of abo
ut one
ST
. Despite the diversity, cells resemble each other to an astonishing degree E
in their chemistry. For example, the same 20
are used to make proteins. Similarly, the genetic information of all cells is
stored in their
. Although
U
contain the same types of molecules as cells, their inability to reproduce t
hemselves by their own efforts means that they are not considered living matter.
D
amino acids
E micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s) plant yeast
fatty acids s
Y
meter plasma membranes
,1-4 How does cellular specialization serve multicellular organisms and how might a
E
high degree of specialization be detrimental?
E
1-5 The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical reactions t
hat result in the production of proteins, each with its own specific order of amino ac
E E
ids. Choose the correct series of biochemical reactions from the options presented
here.
(a) replication, transcription, translation
(b) replication, translation, transcription
(c) translation, transcription, replication
(d) translation, replication, transcription
1-6 Proteins are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helpi
ng to determine its chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the
environment. Remarkably, all of the different proteins in a cell are made from the s
ame 20
M
. By linking them in different sequences, the cell can
make protein molecules with different conformations and surface chemistries, and
therefore different functions.
ED
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) amino acids.
(d) fatty acids.
1-7 Which statement is NOT true about mutations?
ST
(a) A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for s
E
urvival than their parents.
(b) A mutation can be a result of imperfect DNA duplication.
(c) A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction.
(d) A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring that are as fi
U
t for survival as their parents are.
1-8 Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring t
E E
D
hat are altered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of change and sel
ection over the course of many generations is the basis of .
(a) mutation.
Y
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Select the option that best finishes the following statement: “Evolution is a p
E E
rocess .”
(a) that can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection.
E
(b) that results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years.
(c) by which all present-day cells arose from 4–5 different ancestral cells.
(d) that requires hundreds of thousands of years.
, 1-10 Select the option that correctly finishes the following statement: “A cell’s genome
.”
(a) is defined as all the genes being used to make protein.
(b) contains all of a cell’s DNA.
E
(c) constantly changes, depending upon the cell’s environment.
(d) is altered during embryonic development.
Cells Under the Microscope
E
1-11 Which statement is NOT true about the events/conclusions from studies during t
he mid-1800s surrounding the discovery of cells?
(a) Cells came to be known as the smallest universal building block of living o
rganisms.
(b) Scientists came to the conclusion that new cells can form spontaneously f
E
rom the remnants of ruptured cells.
M
(c) Light microscopy was essential in demonstrating the commonalities
between plant and animal tissues.
(d) New cells arise from the growth and division of previously existing cells.
E
ED
1-12 What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical plant or animal c
E
ell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
ST
(d) micrometers
1-13 Match the type of microscopy on the left with the corresponding description p
E
rovided below. There is one best match for each.
A. confocal
B. transmission electron
U
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanning electron
D
F. bright-field
uses a light microscope with an optical component to take advantage of the di
Y
fferent refractive indices of light passing through different regions of the cel
l.
employs a light microscope and requires that samples be fixed and stained in o
rder to reveal cellular details.
requires the use of two sets of filters. The first filter narrows the wavelength ran
ge that reaches the specimen and the second blocks out all wavelengths that
pass back up to the eyepiece except for those emitted by the dye in the sampl
e.
scans the specimen with a focused laser beam to obtain a series of two-
E
dimensional optical sections, which can be used to reconstruct an image of
