TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-
mj mj mj mj mj mj
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Jud
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
y Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
mj mj mj mj mj
Complete Chapters 1- mj mj
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Include
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
d| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
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, Chapter 01 mj
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
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specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
differ? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antige
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n, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the rece
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ptor). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selectiv
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
e theory was shown to be correct.
mj mj mj mj mj mj
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
how serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He c
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
hallenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
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some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previo
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
usly exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened patho
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
gens as vaccines. mj mj
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a pote
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
ntial bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to t
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
he disease.
mj
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the risin
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
g incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
the rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
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CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cas
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
es of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
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5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued
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use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
j mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. An
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
tibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines
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are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measur
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
es.
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why d
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
o I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of imm
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
unology, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your ans
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
wer.
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
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as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most comm
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on forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against
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which they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens
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that are closely-related.
mj mj mj
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
the development of B cells.
mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogen
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
s as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and targ
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
et host antigens.
mj mj
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive su
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
rveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human bo
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
dy is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
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9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
Innate Immunity mj
Adaptive Immunity mj
mj Is mediated by what cells?
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What do they recognize?
mj mj mj
How are the receptors encoded?
mj mj mj mj
Why can't they control all infections alone? W
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
hat do they do in response to antigen?
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
, CORRECT ANSWER: mj
Innate Immunity mj
Adaptive
mj
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK c mj mj
Is mediated by
mj mj T cells and
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ells, neutrophils, ma
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what cells?
mj mj B cells mj
st cells eosinophils
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What do they mj mj Pathogen patterns mj
Specific
recognize?
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mj
epitope
s
How are the mj mj
Rearranged
receptors Germ line mj
gene segments mj
encoded?
Why can't they mj mj mj
Pathogens evolve mj mj Takes too long mj mj mj
control all infec mj mj
escape mechanisms mj to develop mj
tions alone? mj
What do they do mj mj mj Produce antib mj
Engulf and destroy, mj mj
in response to
mj mj mj mj odies, kill infe mj mj
mjinduce inflammatio mj
antigen? cted cells mj
n
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of some
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
one experiencing an inflammatory response.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
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localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blo
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
od pressure if more severe.
mj mj mj mj
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipie
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
nt be immune from future bites of the same species?
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- mj mj mj mj
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate lo
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
ng-lived memory cells. mj mj
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
A B- mj
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inh
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
erited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
mj mj mj mj mj mj
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Jud
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
y Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
mj mj mj mj mj
Complete Chapters 1- mj mj
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Include
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
d| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
mj mj mj
, Chapter 01 mj
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
differ? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antige
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
n, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the rece
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
ptor). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selectiv
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
e theory was shown to be correct.
mj mj mj mj mj mj
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
how serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He c
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
hallenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
mj mj mj mj mj mj
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previo
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
usly exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened patho
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
gens as vaccines. mj mj
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a pote
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
ntial bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to t
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
he disease.
mj
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the risin
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
g incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
the rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cas
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
es of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj m
use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
j mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. An
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
tibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measur
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
es.
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why d
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
o I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of imm
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
unology, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your ans
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
wer.
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most comm
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
on forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
which they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
that are closely-related.
mj mj mj
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
the development of B cells.
mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogen
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
s as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and targ
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
et host antigens.
mj mj
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive su
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
rveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human bo
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
dy is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
Innate Immunity mj
Adaptive Immunity mj
mj Is mediated by what cells?
mj mj mj mj
What do they recognize?
mj mj mj
How are the receptors encoded?
mj mj mj mj
Why can't they control all infections alone? W
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
hat do they do in response to antigen?
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
, CORRECT ANSWER: mj
Innate Immunity mj
Adaptive
mj
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK c mj mj
Is mediated by
mj mj T cells and
mj mj mj
ells, neutrophils, ma
mj mj
what cells?
mj mj B cells mj
st cells eosinophils
mj mj
What do they mj mj Pathogen patterns mj
Specific
recognize?
mj
mj
epitope
s
How are the mj mj
Rearranged
receptors Germ line mj
gene segments mj
encoded?
Why can't they mj mj mj
Pathogens evolve mj mj Takes too long mj mj mj
control all infec mj mj
escape mechanisms mj to develop mj
tions alone? mj
What do they do mj mj mj Produce antib mj
Engulf and destroy, mj mj
in response to
mj mj mj mj odies, kill infe mj mj
mjinduce inflammatio mj
antigen? cted cells mj
n
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of some
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
one experiencing an inflammatory response.
mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blo
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
od pressure if more severe.
mj mj mj mj
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipie
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
nt be immune from future bites of the same species?
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- mj mj mj mj
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate lo
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
ng-lived memory cells. mj mj
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
A B- mj
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inh
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
erited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj mj
