Jarvis: Ch 19 Heart and Neck Vessels
1. angina pectoris: chest pain due to ischemia (lack of blood and O2 supply) of heart muscle, generally due
to obstruction or spasm of coronary arteries (heart's blood vessels). Coronary artery disease, main cause, due to
atherosclerosis of cardiac arteries
2. aortic valve: left side of heart, open during pumping to allow blood to be ejected from heart
3. apical impulse: pulsation created as left ventrical rotates against chest wall during systole, occupies 4th/5th
ICS, at or inside MCL. easier to see in children and those w/ thinning chest walls.
4. atrial gallop: occurs w/ HF and volume overload; a pathologic S4
5. bradycardia: heart rate < 60 bpm, common in athletes. May be symptomatic of a brain tumor, digitalis toxicity
and heart block. CO decreases causing faintness, dizziness, chest pain and eventually syncope and circulation collapse
6. bruit: whooshing, blowing sound heard when ausultating carotid artory w/ bell of stethoscope. Not present
normally; occurs w/ accelerated or turbulent blood flow due to local vascular cause such as atherosclerotic narrowing
7. clubbing: occurs w/ congenital heart disease and neoplastic and pulmonary diseases; early: angle straightens
out to 180 degrees, nail base feels spongy to palpation. Nail becomes convex as digit grows
,8. cyanosis: a bluish mottled color, signifies decreased perfusion; tissues do not have enough oxygenated blood.
9. diastole: relaxation of heart to fill back up w/ O2 blood from lungs
10. ductus arteriosus: in fetus links pulmonary artery directly to descending aorta. Contracts and closes some
hours later, then pulmonary and systemic circulation are functional.
11. dyspnea: shortness of breath
12. dyspnea on exertion: DOE shortness of breath on exertion like exercise
13. edema: abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath skin or in one or more cavities of body that produces swelling;
pitting, generalized, and organ-specific
14. foramen ovale: In fetal heart, allows blood to enter left atrium from right atrium, is one of two fetal cardiac
shunts
15. gallop rhythm: abnormal rhythm of heart on auscultation, Includes S3/S4 sounds, resembles gallop. Normal
heart rhythm contains two audible heart sounds called S1/S2 that give well-known "lub-dub" rhythm; caused by closing
of valves in heart. Can contain both S3/S4 forming quadruple gallop, in situations of very fast heart rate can produce
a summation gallop where S3/S4 occur so close they are indistinguishable.
, 16. S1: caused by closure of AV valves, start of systole, "lub" of lub-dub sound. Louder than S2 at apex; coincides w/
carotid artery pulse; feel carotid gently as you ausultate at apex, sound you hear as you feel each pulse. Can hear over
entire precordium although loudest at apex
17. S2: louder than S1 at base, associated w/ closure of semilunar valves. Can hear with diaphragm, over entire
precordium, although loudest at base
1. angina pectoris: chest pain due to ischemia (lack of blood and O2 supply) of heart muscle, generally due
to obstruction or spasm of coronary arteries (heart's blood vessels). Coronary artery disease, main cause, due to
atherosclerosis of cardiac arteries
2. aortic valve: left side of heart, open during pumping to allow blood to be ejected from heart
3. apical impulse: pulsation created as left ventrical rotates against chest wall during systole, occupies 4th/5th
ICS, at or inside MCL. easier to see in children and those w/ thinning chest walls.
4. atrial gallop: occurs w/ HF and volume overload; a pathologic S4
5. bradycardia: heart rate < 60 bpm, common in athletes. May be symptomatic of a brain tumor, digitalis toxicity
and heart block. CO decreases causing faintness, dizziness, chest pain and eventually syncope and circulation collapse
6. bruit: whooshing, blowing sound heard when ausultating carotid artory w/ bell of stethoscope. Not present
normally; occurs w/ accelerated or turbulent blood flow due to local vascular cause such as atherosclerotic narrowing
7. clubbing: occurs w/ congenital heart disease and neoplastic and pulmonary diseases; early: angle straightens
out to 180 degrees, nail base feels spongy to palpation. Nail becomes convex as digit grows
,8. cyanosis: a bluish mottled color, signifies decreased perfusion; tissues do not have enough oxygenated blood.
9. diastole: relaxation of heart to fill back up w/ O2 blood from lungs
10. ductus arteriosus: in fetus links pulmonary artery directly to descending aorta. Contracts and closes some
hours later, then pulmonary and systemic circulation are functional.
11. dyspnea: shortness of breath
12. dyspnea on exertion: DOE shortness of breath on exertion like exercise
13. edema: abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath skin or in one or more cavities of body that produces swelling;
pitting, generalized, and organ-specific
14. foramen ovale: In fetal heart, allows blood to enter left atrium from right atrium, is one of two fetal cardiac
shunts
15. gallop rhythm: abnormal rhythm of heart on auscultation, Includes S3/S4 sounds, resembles gallop. Normal
heart rhythm contains two audible heart sounds called S1/S2 that give well-known "lub-dub" rhythm; caused by closing
of valves in heart. Can contain both S3/S4 forming quadruple gallop, in situations of very fast heart rate can produce
a summation gallop where S3/S4 occur so close they are indistinguishable.
, 16. S1: caused by closure of AV valves, start of systole, "lub" of lub-dub sound. Louder than S2 at apex; coincides w/
carotid artery pulse; feel carotid gently as you ausultate at apex, sound you hear as you feel each pulse. Can hear over
entire precordium although loudest at apex
17. S2: louder than S1 at base, associated w/ closure of semilunar valves. Can hear with diaphragm, over entire
precordium, although loudest at base
