NURS 6620 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2023-2024/NURS 6620 ADVANCED HEALTH ASSESSMENT FINAL ALL 85
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur?
- (answer) b.Sodium chloride enters the cell.
In hypoxic injury, movement of fluid and ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of metabolism
and a loss of ATP production. Normally, the pump that transports sodium ions out of the cell is
maintained by the presence of ATP and ATPase, the active transport enzyme. In metabolic failure caused
by hypoxia, reduced ATP and ATPase levels permit sodium to accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium
diffuses outward. The increase of intracellular sodium increases osmotic pressure, which draws more
water into the cell. (Transport mechanisms are described in Chapter 1.) The remaining options do not
accurately describe the cell injury that results in increased osmotic pressure caused by hypoxia.
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for
hyperkalemia or hypermagnesmia? - (answer) c.Renal failure
Hyperkalemia should be investigated when a history of renal disease, massive trauma, insulin deficiency,
Addison disease, use of potassium salt substitutes, or metabolic acidosis exists. Hyperparathyroidism
might lead to hyperphosphatemia. Vomiting is frequently associated with potassium depletion.
Hyperaldosteronism also can lead to potassium wasting.
Renal failure usually causes hypermagnesemia, in which magnesium concentration is greater than 2.5
mEq/L. Hypermagnesemia is not a result of the other options.
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve
impulses is the ratio between what? - (answer) Intracellular and extracellular K+
The ratio of K+ in theICF to K+ in the ECF is the major determinant of the resting membrane potential,
which is necessary for the transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, for the maintenance of
normal cardiac rhythms, and for the skeletal and smooth muscle contraction. This is not true of the other
options.
How do free radicals cause cell damage? - (answer) a.Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the
chemical bonds of the cell membrane
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having
one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, the molecule gives up an electron
to another molecule or steals one. Therefore it is capable of forming injurious chemical bonds with
proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates-key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids. Free radical damage is
not caused by hypoxia, lysosomal enzymes, or transferring atoms.
, NURS 6620 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2023-2024/NURS 6620 ADVANCED HEALTH ASSESSMENT FINAL ALL 85
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic acid
(H2CO3) exist in what ratio? - (answer) b.20:1
The relationship between HCO3 and H2CO3 is usually expressed as a ratio. When the pH is 7.4, this ratio
is 20:1 (HCO3:H2CO3). The other options do not accurately identify physiologic pH by the correct ratio of
HCO3 and H2CO3.
Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing which compensatory process? -
(answer) c.Hyperplasia
Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. For
example, the removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells (hepatocytes) to
compensate for the loss. The other options do not accurately identify the compensatory process
described in the question.
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? -
(answer) Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from
negative to positive.
When a resting cell is stimulated through voltage-regulated channels, the cell membranes become more
permeable to Na+. As Na+ moves into the cell the membrane potential decreases, or moves forward,
from a negative value (in millivolts) to zero. The Na+ gates open, and Na+ rushes into the cell, causing
the membrane potential to reduce to zero and then become positive (depolarization).
What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do? - (answer)
Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump and sodium-
calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+-K+ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water
can then freely enter the cell, and cellular swelling results. The other options do not accurately describe
the result of ATP at the cellular level.
What is the most common site of lipid accumulation? - (answer) Liver
Although lipids sometimes accumulate in heart and kidney cells, the most common site of intracellular
lipid accumulation, or fatty change, is liver cells. Subcutaneous tissue is not a common site of lipid
accumulation.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur?
- (answer) b.Sodium chloride enters the cell.
In hypoxic injury, movement of fluid and ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of metabolism
and a loss of ATP production. Normally, the pump that transports sodium ions out of the cell is
maintained by the presence of ATP and ATPase, the active transport enzyme. In metabolic failure caused
by hypoxia, reduced ATP and ATPase levels permit sodium to accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium
diffuses outward. The increase of intracellular sodium increases osmotic pressure, which draws more
water into the cell. (Transport mechanisms are described in Chapter 1.) The remaining options do not
accurately describe the cell injury that results in increased osmotic pressure caused by hypoxia.
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for
hyperkalemia or hypermagnesmia? - (answer) c.Renal failure
Hyperkalemia should be investigated when a history of renal disease, massive trauma, insulin deficiency,
Addison disease, use of potassium salt substitutes, or metabolic acidosis exists. Hyperparathyroidism
might lead to hyperphosphatemia. Vomiting is frequently associated with potassium depletion.
Hyperaldosteronism also can lead to potassium wasting.
Renal failure usually causes hypermagnesemia, in which magnesium concentration is greater than 2.5
mEq/L. Hypermagnesemia is not a result of the other options.
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve
impulses is the ratio between what? - (answer) Intracellular and extracellular K+
The ratio of K+ in theICF to K+ in the ECF is the major determinant of the resting membrane potential,
which is necessary for the transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, for the maintenance of
normal cardiac rhythms, and for the skeletal and smooth muscle contraction. This is not true of the other
options.
How do free radicals cause cell damage? - (answer) a.Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the
chemical bonds of the cell membrane
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having
one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, the molecule gives up an electron
to another molecule or steals one. Therefore it is capable of forming injurious chemical bonds with
proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates-key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids. Free radical damage is
not caused by hypoxia, lysosomal enzymes, or transferring atoms.
, NURS 6620 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2023-2024/NURS 6620 ADVANCED HEALTH ASSESSMENT FINAL ALL 85
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic acid
(H2CO3) exist in what ratio? - (answer) b.20:1
The relationship between HCO3 and H2CO3 is usually expressed as a ratio. When the pH is 7.4, this ratio
is 20:1 (HCO3:H2CO3). The other options do not accurately identify physiologic pH by the correct ratio of
HCO3 and H2CO3.
Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing which compensatory process? -
(answer) c.Hyperplasia
Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. For
example, the removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells (hepatocytes) to
compensate for the loss. The other options do not accurately identify the compensatory process
described in the question.
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? -
(answer) Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from
negative to positive.
When a resting cell is stimulated through voltage-regulated channels, the cell membranes become more
permeable to Na+. As Na+ moves into the cell the membrane potential decreases, or moves forward,
from a negative value (in millivolts) to zero. The Na+ gates open, and Na+ rushes into the cell, causing
the membrane potential to reduce to zero and then become positive (depolarization).
What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do? - (answer)
Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump and sodium-
calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+-K+ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water
can then freely enter the cell, and cellular swelling results. The other options do not accurately describe
the result of ATP at the cellular level.
What is the most common site of lipid accumulation? - (answer) Liver
Although lipids sometimes accumulate in heart and kidney cells, the most common site of intracellular
lipid accumulation, or fatty change, is liver cells. Subcutaneous tissue is not a common site of lipid
accumulation.
