MCAT General Chemistry
-∆H
-∆S - ANS--∆G at decrease temperatures, thru ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at LOWER
temperatures best.
-∆H
+∆S - ANS--∆G in any respect temperatures, via ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at ALL
temperatures.
(PV)/(RT) Graph: Real vs. Ideal fuel
- What is the motive of POSITIVE deviation?
- What is the motive of NEGATIVE deviation? - ANS-- Positive deviation motive: molecular
extent
- Negative deviation reason: appealing intramolecular forces
∆U
(equation) - ANS-∆U = q + w (in a closed system and not using a electric powered or
magnetic fields)
∆U = q (in a closed machine and not using a electric powered or magnetic fields, in which
extent is steady)
+∆H
-∆S - ANS-+∆G always, through ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So nonspontaneous at ALL temperatures.
+∆H
+∆S - ANS--∆G at higher T, through ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at HIGHER
temperatures only.
According to the Collision Model, two situations ought to be met for a collision to cause a
reaction: - ANS-1. Colliding molecules need to attain a threshold energy called "activation
power."
2. Colliding molecules must have right spatial orientation.
Acid dissociation regular - ANS-steady = [products] / [reactants] leaving out any natural
solids or liquids
Acid/base: Arrhenius definition - ANS-Acid: produces hydrogen ions in aqueous answer
Base: produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution
Acid/base: Bronsted-Lowry definition - ANS-Acid: donates a proton
Base: accepts a proton
,Acid/base: Lewis definition - ANS-Acid: accepts a couple of electrons
Base: donates a pair of electrons
Amphoteric - ANS-Substance that can be either an acid or a base, depending on
environment (i.E., water)
Anion vs. Neutral:
size comparison? - ANS-An anion (-) is bigger than its impartial counterpart.
At STP, 1 mol of fuel will occupy ... - ANS-22.4 L
Atomic variety
1. Abbreviation
2. Definition - ANS-1. Z
2. Protons
Atoms in their elemental nation have an oxidation variety of __. - ANS-zero
Aufbau precept - ANS-With every new proton introduced to create a brand new detail, an
electron is brought as well.
Autoionization of water
- steady value = ? - ANS-2H₂O ↔ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻
Kw = 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C
ALSO:
Kw = 10⁻¹⁴ = Ka x Kb
Average Kinetic Energy (of gasoline) - ANS-KEavg = (three/2)RT
(R = .08206 L atm K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ or 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹)
Average kinetic strength applies to ALL gases, regardless of mass.
Avogadro's variety
1. Range
2. Definition - ANS-1. 6.022 x 10²³
2. The number of C atoms in 12g of ¹²C (a mole)
Azimuthal quantum number
1. Symbol
2. Definition - ANS-1. L
2. Designates the SUBSHELL (s, p, d, f). From zero to n-1.
Balancing redox reactions - ANS-1. Separate response into its half reactions
2. Balance factors apart from H and O
three. Add H₂O to one aspect to balance O atoms
4. Add H⁺ to one aspect to stability H atoms
five. Add e⁻ to one aspect to balance price
, 6. Multiple each 1/2 rxn by way of an integer so same # of e⁻ are transferred in each rxn
7. Add two 1/2 rxns and simplify
base dissociation consistent - ANS-regular = [products] / [reactants] leaving out any natural
solids or liquids
Bomb calorimeter - ANS-Constant quantity calorimeter. Tells internal electricity change in a
rxn. Use this equation: q = C∆T.
Bond dissociation energy - ANS-Energy required to interrupt a bond (electricity ALWAYS
req'd to break bonds!)
Calorimeter - ANS-Device to measure electricity exchange.
Catalyst - ANS-Lowers activation electricity and thereby increases reaction price, but does
NOT alter equilibrium consistent
Cation vs Neutral:
size comparison? - ANS-A cation (+) is smaller than its neutral counterpart.
Cell capacity
1. Galvanic
2. Electrolytic - ANS-1. Galvanic: always + (spontaneous)
2. Electrolytoc: usually - (require out of doors energy source)
Centi- - ANS-10⁻²
Characteristics of an Ideal Gas - ANS-1. Gas molecules have zero volume
2. Gas molecules exert no forces apart from repulsive forces due to collisions
three. Gas molecules make absolutely elastic collisions
four. The avg. Kinetic strength of gasoline molecules is without delay proportional to the
temperature of the gas
Chemical equilibrium: definition - ANS-Forward and reverse reaction rates are identical.
(Note: NET response fee is 0, however there is nevertheless a fwd and a rev rxn charge!)
Chemical response - ANS-When a compound undergoes a response and adjustments its
molecular structure to shape a new compound. Examples: combustion, metathesis, redox.
Closed gadget:
ΔE?
ΔM? - ANS-ΔE: Yes
ΔM: No
Coffee cup calorimeter - ANS-Constant stress calorimeter (measures at atmospheric strain).
Measures warmness of response. Use this equation: q = mc∆T.
Colligative properties
-∆H
-∆S - ANS--∆G at decrease temperatures, thru ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at LOWER
temperatures best.
-∆H
+∆S - ANS--∆G in any respect temperatures, via ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at ALL
temperatures.
(PV)/(RT) Graph: Real vs. Ideal fuel
- What is the motive of POSITIVE deviation?
- What is the motive of NEGATIVE deviation? - ANS-- Positive deviation motive: molecular
extent
- Negative deviation reason: appealing intramolecular forces
∆U
(equation) - ANS-∆U = q + w (in a closed system and not using a electric powered or
magnetic fields)
∆U = q (in a closed machine and not using a electric powered or magnetic fields, in which
extent is steady)
+∆H
-∆S - ANS-+∆G always, through ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So nonspontaneous at ALL temperatures.
+∆H
+∆S - ANS--∆G at higher T, through ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at HIGHER
temperatures only.
According to the Collision Model, two situations ought to be met for a collision to cause a
reaction: - ANS-1. Colliding molecules need to attain a threshold energy called "activation
power."
2. Colliding molecules must have right spatial orientation.
Acid dissociation regular - ANS-steady = [products] / [reactants] leaving out any natural
solids or liquids
Acid/base: Arrhenius definition - ANS-Acid: produces hydrogen ions in aqueous answer
Base: produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution
Acid/base: Bronsted-Lowry definition - ANS-Acid: donates a proton
Base: accepts a proton
,Acid/base: Lewis definition - ANS-Acid: accepts a couple of electrons
Base: donates a pair of electrons
Amphoteric - ANS-Substance that can be either an acid or a base, depending on
environment (i.E., water)
Anion vs. Neutral:
size comparison? - ANS-An anion (-) is bigger than its impartial counterpart.
At STP, 1 mol of fuel will occupy ... - ANS-22.4 L
Atomic variety
1. Abbreviation
2. Definition - ANS-1. Z
2. Protons
Atoms in their elemental nation have an oxidation variety of __. - ANS-zero
Aufbau precept - ANS-With every new proton introduced to create a brand new detail, an
electron is brought as well.
Autoionization of water
- steady value = ? - ANS-2H₂O ↔ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻
Kw = 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C
ALSO:
Kw = 10⁻¹⁴ = Ka x Kb
Average Kinetic Energy (of gasoline) - ANS-KEavg = (three/2)RT
(R = .08206 L atm K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ or 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹)
Average kinetic strength applies to ALL gases, regardless of mass.
Avogadro's variety
1. Range
2. Definition - ANS-1. 6.022 x 10²³
2. The number of C atoms in 12g of ¹²C (a mole)
Azimuthal quantum number
1. Symbol
2. Definition - ANS-1. L
2. Designates the SUBSHELL (s, p, d, f). From zero to n-1.
Balancing redox reactions - ANS-1. Separate response into its half reactions
2. Balance factors apart from H and O
three. Add H₂O to one aspect to balance O atoms
4. Add H⁺ to one aspect to stability H atoms
five. Add e⁻ to one aspect to balance price
, 6. Multiple each 1/2 rxn by way of an integer so same # of e⁻ are transferred in each rxn
7. Add two 1/2 rxns and simplify
base dissociation consistent - ANS-regular = [products] / [reactants] leaving out any natural
solids or liquids
Bomb calorimeter - ANS-Constant quantity calorimeter. Tells internal electricity change in a
rxn. Use this equation: q = C∆T.
Bond dissociation energy - ANS-Energy required to interrupt a bond (electricity ALWAYS
req'd to break bonds!)
Calorimeter - ANS-Device to measure electricity exchange.
Catalyst - ANS-Lowers activation electricity and thereby increases reaction price, but does
NOT alter equilibrium consistent
Cation vs Neutral:
size comparison? - ANS-A cation (+) is smaller than its neutral counterpart.
Cell capacity
1. Galvanic
2. Electrolytic - ANS-1. Galvanic: always + (spontaneous)
2. Electrolytoc: usually - (require out of doors energy source)
Centi- - ANS-10⁻²
Characteristics of an Ideal Gas - ANS-1. Gas molecules have zero volume
2. Gas molecules exert no forces apart from repulsive forces due to collisions
three. Gas molecules make absolutely elastic collisions
four. The avg. Kinetic strength of gasoline molecules is without delay proportional to the
temperature of the gas
Chemical equilibrium: definition - ANS-Forward and reverse reaction rates are identical.
(Note: NET response fee is 0, however there is nevertheless a fwd and a rev rxn charge!)
Chemical response - ANS-When a compound undergoes a response and adjustments its
molecular structure to shape a new compound. Examples: combustion, metathesis, redox.
Closed gadget:
ΔE?
ΔM? - ANS-ΔE: Yes
ΔM: No
Coffee cup calorimeter - ANS-Constant stress calorimeter (measures at atmospheric strain).
Measures warmness of response. Use this equation: q = mc∆T.
Colligative properties
