, (Kuby Immunology Covid-19 Digital Update, 8e Jenni Punt, Sharon Stranford, Patricia Jones, Judy Owe
(Test Bank Latest Edition 2023-24, Grade A+, 100% Verified)
Chapter 01
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
CORRECT?
ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen, the cell becomes
activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor). The
instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory
was shown to be correct.
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how
serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He challenged groups of
chickens with cholera bacteria—some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of
cholera bacteria. Only the previously exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which
led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccines.
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential bioterrorism
threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As populations
continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the disease.
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising incidence of
autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate of autism once
thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of autism continued
to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use of
vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. Antibiotic treatment is not
foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines are a preventative
measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I need the
flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology, how would
you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year - as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared
each year based on a predication of the most common forms of the virus likely to be encountered.
Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protect, and protection against one
type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the development of
B cells.
ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as they evolve. A
drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host antigens.
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter
#z01
8. A #zportion #zof #zour #zimmune #zsystems' #zwhite #zblood #zcells #zis #zconstantly #zcirculating #zthroughout #zthe
#zbody #zvia #zcirculation #zand #zlymphatics. #zWhat #zis #zthe #zbenefit #zof #zsuch #zcirculation?
ANSWER: # z The #zcirculation #zof #zthe #zwhite #zblood #zcells #zallows #zfor #za #zmore #zcomprehensive #zsurveillance #zof
#zthe #zbody #zfor #zthe #zpresence #zof #zpotential #zpathogens. #zA #zsignificant #zportion #zof #zthe #zhuman #zbody
#zis #zconstantly #zexposed #zto #zpotential #zmicrobial #zpathogens.
9. Complete #zthe #zfollowing #ztable #zby #zcomparing #zand #zcontrasting #zinnate #zand #zadaptive #zimmune #zresponses.
Innate Adaptive
Immunit
#z Immunit
#z
y y
Is #zmediated #zby #zwhat
#zcells?
What #zdo #zthey #zrecognize?
How #zare #zthe #zreceptors
#zencoded?
Why #zcan't #zthey #zcontrol
#zall #zinfections #zalone?
What #zdo #zthey #zdo
#zin #zresponse #zto
#zantigen?
ANSWER: Adaptive
Innate #zImmunity
Immunit
#z
y
Macrophages, #zNK
Is #zmediated #zby T #zcells #zand #zB
#z cells, #zneutrophils,
#zwhat #zcells? #zcells
#zmast #zcells
#zeosinophils
What #zdo#zthey Specific
Pathogen #zpatterns
#zrecognize? #zepitope
s
How #zare #zthe
Rearranged
#zreceptors Germ #zline
#zgene
#zencoded?
#zsegments
Why #zcan't #zthey
Pathogens #zevolve Takes #ztoo #zlong
#zcontrol #zall
#zescape #zmechanisms #zto #zdevelop
#zinfections
#zalone?
What #zdo #zthey #zdo Produce
Engulf #zand #zdestroy,
10. What #zare #zthe #zhallmarks of
#zin #zresponse to
#z #zinflammation? #zDescribe #zthe physical
#zantibodies,
#z #zcharacteristics #zof #zsomeone
#zinduce #zinflammation
#zexperiencing #zan #zinflammatory
#zantigen? #zresponse. #zkill #zinfected
ANSWER: # z Redness, #zswelling, #zheat, #zpain. #zSomeone #zexperiencing #zcells
#zinflammation #zmight #zhave #zlocalized
#zswelling #zand #zredness #zor #zitching #zor #zmay #zbe #zexperiencing #zfaintness #zdue #zto #za #zlowering #zof
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter
#z01 blood #zpressure #zif #zmore #zsevere.
#z
11. Upon #zreceiving #zimmune #zserum #zas #za #ztreatment #zfor #za #zvenomous #zsnake #zbite, #zwould #zthe #zrecipient #zbe #zimmun
from #zfuture #zbites #zof #zthe #zsame #zspecies?
ANSWER: # z In #zthe #zshort-term, #zprobably, #zas #zthe #zserum #zcontains #zprotective #zantibodies #zagainst #zthe
#zvenom. #zIn #zthe #zlong-term, #zno, #zas #zserum #ztreatment #zis #za #zform #zof #zpassive #zimmunity. #zPassive
#zimmunity #zdoes #znot #zgenerate #zlong-lived #zmemory #zcells.
12. Provide #zone #zcommon #zfeature #zof #zand #ztwo #zdifferences #zbetween #zB-cell #zreceptors #zand #zPRRs.
ANSWER: # z A #zcommon #zfeature #zis #zthat #zthey #zboth #zare #zused #zto #zrecognize #zforeign #zantigens. #zA #zB-cell
#zreceptor #zis #zmore #zselective #zthan #za #zPRR. #zThe #zDNA #zthat #zencodes #zfor #za #zPRR #zin #zan #zindividual
#zis #zinherited. #zThe #zDNA #zthat #zencodes #zfor #za #zmature #zB-cell #zreceptor #zfrom #zan #zindividual #zis #znot
#zpassed #zon #zto #zoffspring.
13. Given #zthat #zan #zimportant #zfunction #zof #zthe #zimmune #zsystem #zis #zto #zboth #zrecognize #zand #zdispose #zof
cancerous #zcells, #zpostulate #zwhy #ztumors #zcan #zbe #zestablished #zin #za #zhuman #zhost.
#z
ANSWER: # z There #zare #ztwo #zprimary #zreasons. #zFirst, #zcancerous #zcells #zare #zself-originating, #zthus #zself-
tolerance #zmechanisms #zcan #zinhibit #zthe #zdevelopment #zof #zan #zeffective #zimmune #zresponse. #zSecond,
#zas #zis #zcommon #zwith #zsome #zpathogens, #zgenetic #zvariability #zwithin #za #zpopulation #zof #zcancer #zcells
#zgives #zthem #zan #zadvantage #zin #zterms #zof #zevading #zthe #zimmune #zresponse.
14. The #zhygiene #zhypothesis #zposits #zthat #zthere #zis #za #zconnection #zbetween #zenvironmental #zconditions #zand
#zcertain #zinappropriate #zimmune #zresponses. #zIf #zyou #zwere #za #zsupporter #zof #zthe #zhygiene #zhypothesis, #zwhat
#zrecommendations #zwould #z you #zmake #zto #zkeep #zpeople #zhealthier?
ANSWER: # z Expose #zchildren #zto #zmore #zcommon #zantigens #zfound #zin #zdirt #zand #zin #zthe #zoutdoors. #zReduce #zuse
#zof #zantimicrobials.
15. Which #zis #zthe #zBEST #zdefinition #zof #z"immunity"?
a. The #zstate #zof #zhaving #zbeen #zexposed #zto #za #zpathogen #zrepeatedly
b. The #zstate #zof #zbeing #zresistant #zto #zreinfection #zwith #za #zpathogen
c. When #zan #zindividual #zhas #znever #zbeen #zexposed #zto #za #zpathogen
d. When #zthe #zimmune #zsystem #zis #zactivated
e. When #zphysical #zbarriers #zare #znot #zenough #zto #zprevent #zinfection
ANSWER: # z b
16. What #zhappens #zto #za #zpathogen #zas #zit #zbecomes #zattenuated?
f. It #zbecomes #zmore #zdangerous #zto #zthe #zhost.
g. It #zgets #zsmaller.
h. It #zhas #zweakened #zvirulence.
i. It #zbecomes #zolder.
j. All #zof #zthe #zanswers #zare #zcorrect.
ANSWER: # z c
17. Which #zof #zthe #zfollowing #zadvances #zcan #zbe #zcredited #zto #zprogress #zmade #zin #zour #zunderstanding #zof #zimmunology
(Test Bank Latest Edition 2023-24, Grade A+, 100% Verified)
Chapter 01
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
CORRECT?
ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen, the cell becomes
activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor). The
instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory
was shown to be correct.
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how
serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He challenged groups of
chickens with cholera bacteria—some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of
cholera bacteria. Only the previously exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which
led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccines.
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential bioterrorism
threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As populations
continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the disease.
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising incidence of
autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate of autism once
thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of autism continued
to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use of
vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. Antibiotic treatment is not
foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines are a preventative
measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I need the
flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology, how would
you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year - as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared
each year based on a predication of the most common forms of the virus likely to be encountered.
Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protect, and protection against one
type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the development of
B cells.
ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as they evolve. A
drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host antigens.
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter
#z01
8. A #zportion #zof #zour #zimmune #zsystems' #zwhite #zblood #zcells #zis #zconstantly #zcirculating #zthroughout #zthe
#zbody #zvia #zcirculation #zand #zlymphatics. #zWhat #zis #zthe #zbenefit #zof #zsuch #zcirculation?
ANSWER: # z The #zcirculation #zof #zthe #zwhite #zblood #zcells #zallows #zfor #za #zmore #zcomprehensive #zsurveillance #zof
#zthe #zbody #zfor #zthe #zpresence #zof #zpotential #zpathogens. #zA #zsignificant #zportion #zof #zthe #zhuman #zbody
#zis #zconstantly #zexposed #zto #zpotential #zmicrobial #zpathogens.
9. Complete #zthe #zfollowing #ztable #zby #zcomparing #zand #zcontrasting #zinnate #zand #zadaptive #zimmune #zresponses.
Innate Adaptive
Immunit
#z Immunit
#z
y y
Is #zmediated #zby #zwhat
#zcells?
What #zdo #zthey #zrecognize?
How #zare #zthe #zreceptors
#zencoded?
Why #zcan't #zthey #zcontrol
#zall #zinfections #zalone?
What #zdo #zthey #zdo
#zin #zresponse #zto
#zantigen?
ANSWER: Adaptive
Innate #zImmunity
Immunit
#z
y
Macrophages, #zNK
Is #zmediated #zby T #zcells #zand #zB
#z cells, #zneutrophils,
#zwhat #zcells? #zcells
#zmast #zcells
#zeosinophils
What #zdo#zthey Specific
Pathogen #zpatterns
#zrecognize? #zepitope
s
How #zare #zthe
Rearranged
#zreceptors Germ #zline
#zgene
#zencoded?
#zsegments
Why #zcan't #zthey
Pathogens #zevolve Takes #ztoo #zlong
#zcontrol #zall
#zescape #zmechanisms #zto #zdevelop
#zinfections
#zalone?
What #zdo #zthey #zdo Produce
Engulf #zand #zdestroy,
10. What #zare #zthe #zhallmarks of
#zin #zresponse to
#z #zinflammation? #zDescribe #zthe physical
#zantibodies,
#z #zcharacteristics #zof #zsomeone
#zinduce #zinflammation
#zexperiencing #zan #zinflammatory
#zantigen? #zresponse. #zkill #zinfected
ANSWER: # z Redness, #zswelling, #zheat, #zpain. #zSomeone #zexperiencing #zcells
#zinflammation #zmight #zhave #zlocalized
#zswelling #zand #zredness #zor #zitching #zor #zmay #zbe #zexperiencing #zfaintness #zdue #zto #za #zlowering #zof
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter
#z01 blood #zpressure #zif #zmore #zsevere.
#z
11. Upon #zreceiving #zimmune #zserum #zas #za #ztreatment #zfor #za #zvenomous #zsnake #zbite, #zwould #zthe #zrecipient #zbe #zimmun
from #zfuture #zbites #zof #zthe #zsame #zspecies?
ANSWER: # z In #zthe #zshort-term, #zprobably, #zas #zthe #zserum #zcontains #zprotective #zantibodies #zagainst #zthe
#zvenom. #zIn #zthe #zlong-term, #zno, #zas #zserum #ztreatment #zis #za #zform #zof #zpassive #zimmunity. #zPassive
#zimmunity #zdoes #znot #zgenerate #zlong-lived #zmemory #zcells.
12. Provide #zone #zcommon #zfeature #zof #zand #ztwo #zdifferences #zbetween #zB-cell #zreceptors #zand #zPRRs.
ANSWER: # z A #zcommon #zfeature #zis #zthat #zthey #zboth #zare #zused #zto #zrecognize #zforeign #zantigens. #zA #zB-cell
#zreceptor #zis #zmore #zselective #zthan #za #zPRR. #zThe #zDNA #zthat #zencodes #zfor #za #zPRR #zin #zan #zindividual
#zis #zinherited. #zThe #zDNA #zthat #zencodes #zfor #za #zmature #zB-cell #zreceptor #zfrom #zan #zindividual #zis #znot
#zpassed #zon #zto #zoffspring.
13. Given #zthat #zan #zimportant #zfunction #zof #zthe #zimmune #zsystem #zis #zto #zboth #zrecognize #zand #zdispose #zof
cancerous #zcells, #zpostulate #zwhy #ztumors #zcan #zbe #zestablished #zin #za #zhuman #zhost.
#z
ANSWER: # z There #zare #ztwo #zprimary #zreasons. #zFirst, #zcancerous #zcells #zare #zself-originating, #zthus #zself-
tolerance #zmechanisms #zcan #zinhibit #zthe #zdevelopment #zof #zan #zeffective #zimmune #zresponse. #zSecond,
#zas #zis #zcommon #zwith #zsome #zpathogens, #zgenetic #zvariability #zwithin #za #zpopulation #zof #zcancer #zcells
#zgives #zthem #zan #zadvantage #zin #zterms #zof #zevading #zthe #zimmune #zresponse.
14. The #zhygiene #zhypothesis #zposits #zthat #zthere #zis #za #zconnection #zbetween #zenvironmental #zconditions #zand
#zcertain #zinappropriate #zimmune #zresponses. #zIf #zyou #zwere #za #zsupporter #zof #zthe #zhygiene #zhypothesis, #zwhat
#zrecommendations #zwould #z you #zmake #zto #zkeep #zpeople #zhealthier?
ANSWER: # z Expose #zchildren #zto #zmore #zcommon #zantigens #zfound #zin #zdirt #zand #zin #zthe #zoutdoors. #zReduce #zuse
#zof #zantimicrobials.
15. Which #zis #zthe #zBEST #zdefinition #zof #z"immunity"?
a. The #zstate #zof #zhaving #zbeen #zexposed #zto #za #zpathogen #zrepeatedly
b. The #zstate #zof #zbeing #zresistant #zto #zreinfection #zwith #za #zpathogen
c. When #zan #zindividual #zhas #znever #zbeen #zexposed #zto #za #zpathogen
d. When #zthe #zimmune #zsystem #zis #zactivated
e. When #zphysical #zbarriers #zare #znot #zenough #zto #zprevent #zinfection
ANSWER: # z b
16. What #zhappens #zto #za #zpathogen #zas #zit #zbecomes #zattenuated?
f. It #zbecomes #zmore #zdangerous #zto #zthe #zhost.
g. It #zgets #zsmaller.
h. It #zhas #zweakened #zvirulence.
i. It #zbecomes #zolder.
j. All #zof #zthe #zanswers #zare #zcorrect.
ANSWER: # z c
17. Which #zof #zthe #zfollowing #zadvances #zcan #zbe #zcredited #zto #zprogress #zmade #zin #zour #zunderstanding #zof #zimmunology
