STUDY GUIDE IVY TECH APHY 101 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
What are the parts of a long bone? - CORRECT ANSWER -epiphysis and diaphysis
What is the epiphysis? - CORRECT ANSWER -end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint)
with another bone.
What is the diaphysis? - CORRECT ANSWER -shaft of a long bone
What is the medullary cavity? - CORRECT ANSWER -hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills
this cavity
What is the periosteum? - CORRECT ANSWER -a dense layer of vascular connective tissue
enclosing a bone
what is compact bone? - CORRECT ANSWER -wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly
packed tissue
what is spongy bone? - CORRECT ANSWER -cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis
Describe the process of ossification - CORRECT ANSWER -step one 1: cordlike and connects
muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some from
tendons.
step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long bones.
,step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
What is the epiphyseal plate? - CORRECT ANSWER -as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis
and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
what are osteoclasts? - CORRECT ANSWER -cells that break down bone
what are osteoblasts? - CORRECT ANSWER -bone forming cells
what are the functions of the skeletal system? - CORRECT ANSWER -support, protection,
movement, storage, blood cell formation
What is the axial skeleton? - CORRECT ANSWER -skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton? - CORRECT ANSWER -pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic
girdle, lower limbs
what are the steps of fracture repair? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Hematoma formation- blood
vessels, tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will become
irritated.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin cleaning up
the debris.
3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is called a
bony callus. This continues for about 3 months.
,4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
how are bones classified? - CORRECT ANSWER -by shape
what are the shapes of bones? - CORRECT ANSWER -long, short, flat, irregular
example of long bone - CORRECT ANSWER -femur
example of short bones are - CORRECT ANSWER -carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
examples of flat bones - CORRECT ANSWER -ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
examples of irregular bones - CORRECT ANSWER -facial bones, vertebrae
What is articular cartilage? - CORRECT ANSWER -hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the
bones
What is a joint capsule? - CORRECT ANSWER -tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and
encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
what is a ligament? - CORRECT ANSWER -Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
What is the synovial membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER -inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all
of the surface within the joint capsule.
, What is synovial fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER -Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the
bones at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris from the
joint cavity.
what is the menisci? - CORRECT ANSWER -cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute
body weight onto these surfaces
what is the bursae? - CORRECT ANSWER -fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce
friction
what are the six different types of synovial joints? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Ball-and-socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
define flexion - CORRECT ANSWER -bending a joint
define extension - CORRECT ANSWER -Straightening a body part
define hyper extension - CORRECT ANSWER -increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between
the bones of a joint (a back bend)
define dorsiflexion - CORRECT ANSWER -movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion
of the foot closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
What are the parts of a long bone? - CORRECT ANSWER -epiphysis and diaphysis
What is the epiphysis? - CORRECT ANSWER -end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint)
with another bone.
What is the diaphysis? - CORRECT ANSWER -shaft of a long bone
What is the medullary cavity? - CORRECT ANSWER -hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills
this cavity
What is the periosteum? - CORRECT ANSWER -a dense layer of vascular connective tissue
enclosing a bone
what is compact bone? - CORRECT ANSWER -wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly
packed tissue
what is spongy bone? - CORRECT ANSWER -cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis
Describe the process of ossification - CORRECT ANSWER -step one 1: cordlike and connects
muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some from
tendons.
step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long bones.
,step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
What is the epiphyseal plate? - CORRECT ANSWER -as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis
and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
what are osteoclasts? - CORRECT ANSWER -cells that break down bone
what are osteoblasts? - CORRECT ANSWER -bone forming cells
what are the functions of the skeletal system? - CORRECT ANSWER -support, protection,
movement, storage, blood cell formation
What is the axial skeleton? - CORRECT ANSWER -skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton? - CORRECT ANSWER -pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic
girdle, lower limbs
what are the steps of fracture repair? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Hematoma formation- blood
vessels, tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will become
irritated.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin cleaning up
the debris.
3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is called a
bony callus. This continues for about 3 months.
,4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
how are bones classified? - CORRECT ANSWER -by shape
what are the shapes of bones? - CORRECT ANSWER -long, short, flat, irregular
example of long bone - CORRECT ANSWER -femur
example of short bones are - CORRECT ANSWER -carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
examples of flat bones - CORRECT ANSWER -ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
examples of irregular bones - CORRECT ANSWER -facial bones, vertebrae
What is articular cartilage? - CORRECT ANSWER -hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the
bones
What is a joint capsule? - CORRECT ANSWER -tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and
encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
what is a ligament? - CORRECT ANSWER -Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
What is the synovial membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER -inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all
of the surface within the joint capsule.
, What is synovial fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER -Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the
bones at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris from the
joint cavity.
what is the menisci? - CORRECT ANSWER -cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute
body weight onto these surfaces
what is the bursae? - CORRECT ANSWER -fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce
friction
what are the six different types of synovial joints? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Ball-and-socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
define flexion - CORRECT ANSWER -bending a joint
define extension - CORRECT ANSWER -Straightening a body part
define hyper extension - CORRECT ANSWER -increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between
the bones of a joint (a back bend)
define dorsiflexion - CORRECT ANSWER -movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion
of the foot closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
