FRESENIUS RN EXAM NEWEST EXAM 2026 (ACTUAL
EXAMS) | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
| VERIFIED ANSWERS | BRAND NEW VERSION!
Question 1
Which of the following is the primary function of the kidneys?
A) Production of insulin
B) Regulation of blood glucose
C) Filtration of waste products and regulation of fluid/electrolytes
D) Synthesis of clotting factors
E) Production of digestive enzymes
Correct Answer: C) Filtration of waste products and regulation of
fluid/electrolytes
Rationale: The kidneys are vital organs primarily responsible for
filtering metabolic waste products from the blood and regulating
the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.
Question 2
What is the most common cause of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the
United States?
A) Polycystic Kidney Disease
B) Glomerulonephritis
C) Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus
D) Renal artery stenosis
E) Autoimmune diseases
Correct Answer: C) Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus
Rationale: Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus are the two leading
causes of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), accounting for the majority
of cases in the United States.
Question 3
A patient undergoing hemodialysis asks how the treatment removes waste
products. The nurse explains that hemodialysis primarily works based on the
principles of:
A) Osmosis and active transport
,B) Convection and ultrafiltration
C) Diffusion and ultrafiltration
D) Phagocytosis and pinocytosis
E) Facilitated diffusion and hydrostatic pressure
Correct Answer: C) Diffusion and ultrafiltration
Rationale: Hemodialysis primarily relies on diffusion to remove
solutes (waste products) and ultrafiltration (driven by hydrostatic
pressure) to remove excess fluid.
Question 4
Which type of vascular access for hemodialysis has the lowest risk of
infection and thrombosis?
A) Tunneled catheter
B) Non-tunneled catheter
C) Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
D) Arteriovenous (AV) graft
E) Peritoneal dialysis catheter
Correct Answer: C) Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
Rationale: An Arteriovenous (AV) fistula, created by surgically
connecting an artery and a vein, is considered the gold standard for
hemodialysis access due to its lower rates of infection and
thrombosis compared to grafts and catheters.
Question 5
Before initiating hemodialysis, the nurse should assess the AV fistula for
which of the following?
A) A strong pulse and visible swelling
B) Presence of a thrill and bruit
C) Warmth, redness, and pain
D) Absence of sensation and coolness
E) Distal pallor and numbness
Correct Answer: B) Presence of a thrill and bruit
,Rationale: A patent and functioning AV fistula should exhibit a
palpable thrill (vibration) and an audible bruit (swishing sound),
indicating adequate blood flow through the anastomosis.
Question 6
A patient undergoing hemodialysis develops hypotension during treatment.
What is the nurse's priority intervention?
A) Administer an antiemetic
B) Increase the blood flow rate
C) Place the patient in Trendelenburg position and administer a fluid bolus as
prescribed
D) Administer heparin
E) Discontinue the dialysis treatment immediately
Correct Answer: C) Place the patient in Trendelenburg position and
administer a fluid bolus as prescribed
Rationale: Hypotension during hemodialysis is often due to excessive
fluid removal. Placing the patient in Trendelenburg position helps
return blood to the brain, and a fluid bolus (e.g., normal saline) can
help restore circulating volume, as prescribed.
Question 7
Which medication is commonly administered during hemodialysis to prevent
clotting in the extracorporeal circuit?
A) Warfarin
B) Aspirin
C) Heparin
D) Enoxaparin
E) Clopidogrel
Correct Answer: C) Heparin
Rationale: Heparin is the anticoagulant of choice commonly used
during hemodialysis to prevent blood from clotting within the
dialysis circuit (dialyzer and tubing).
, Question 8
A patient on hemodialysis reports muscle cramps during treatment. The
nurse understands this is a common complication primarily caused by:
A) Hypokalemia
B) Hypernatremia
C) Rapid fluid and electrolyte shifts
D) High blood pressure
E) Dialyzer reaction
Correct Answer: C) Rapid fluid and electrolyte shifts
Rationale: Muscle cramps during hemodialysis are a common
complication often attributed to rapid fluid and electrolyte removal,
particularly sodium and water, leading to extracellular volume
depletion.
Question 9
What is a key dietary restriction for patients with end-stage renal disease
(ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis?
A) Unlimited fluid intake
B) High sodium intake
C) Controlled intake of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium
D) High protein intake (unrestricted)
E) Unlimited dairy products
Correct Answer: C) Controlled intake of potassium, phosphorus, and
sodium
Rationale: Patients with ESRD on hemodialysis need to carefully
control their intake of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium, as the
kidneys are no longer able to excrete these effectively, leading to
dangerous accumulation.
Question 10
A patient on peritoneal dialysis develops cloudy effluent and abdominal pain.
The nurse suspects:
EXAMS) | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
| VERIFIED ANSWERS | BRAND NEW VERSION!
Question 1
Which of the following is the primary function of the kidneys?
A) Production of insulin
B) Regulation of blood glucose
C) Filtration of waste products and regulation of fluid/electrolytes
D) Synthesis of clotting factors
E) Production of digestive enzymes
Correct Answer: C) Filtration of waste products and regulation of
fluid/electrolytes
Rationale: The kidneys are vital organs primarily responsible for
filtering metabolic waste products from the blood and regulating
the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.
Question 2
What is the most common cause of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the
United States?
A) Polycystic Kidney Disease
B) Glomerulonephritis
C) Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus
D) Renal artery stenosis
E) Autoimmune diseases
Correct Answer: C) Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus
Rationale: Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus are the two leading
causes of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), accounting for the majority
of cases in the United States.
Question 3
A patient undergoing hemodialysis asks how the treatment removes waste
products. The nurse explains that hemodialysis primarily works based on the
principles of:
A) Osmosis and active transport
,B) Convection and ultrafiltration
C) Diffusion and ultrafiltration
D) Phagocytosis and pinocytosis
E) Facilitated diffusion and hydrostatic pressure
Correct Answer: C) Diffusion and ultrafiltration
Rationale: Hemodialysis primarily relies on diffusion to remove
solutes (waste products) and ultrafiltration (driven by hydrostatic
pressure) to remove excess fluid.
Question 4
Which type of vascular access for hemodialysis has the lowest risk of
infection and thrombosis?
A) Tunneled catheter
B) Non-tunneled catheter
C) Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
D) Arteriovenous (AV) graft
E) Peritoneal dialysis catheter
Correct Answer: C) Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
Rationale: An Arteriovenous (AV) fistula, created by surgically
connecting an artery and a vein, is considered the gold standard for
hemodialysis access due to its lower rates of infection and
thrombosis compared to grafts and catheters.
Question 5
Before initiating hemodialysis, the nurse should assess the AV fistula for
which of the following?
A) A strong pulse and visible swelling
B) Presence of a thrill and bruit
C) Warmth, redness, and pain
D) Absence of sensation and coolness
E) Distal pallor and numbness
Correct Answer: B) Presence of a thrill and bruit
,Rationale: A patent and functioning AV fistula should exhibit a
palpable thrill (vibration) and an audible bruit (swishing sound),
indicating adequate blood flow through the anastomosis.
Question 6
A patient undergoing hemodialysis develops hypotension during treatment.
What is the nurse's priority intervention?
A) Administer an antiemetic
B) Increase the blood flow rate
C) Place the patient in Trendelenburg position and administer a fluid bolus as
prescribed
D) Administer heparin
E) Discontinue the dialysis treatment immediately
Correct Answer: C) Place the patient in Trendelenburg position and
administer a fluid bolus as prescribed
Rationale: Hypotension during hemodialysis is often due to excessive
fluid removal. Placing the patient in Trendelenburg position helps
return blood to the brain, and a fluid bolus (e.g., normal saline) can
help restore circulating volume, as prescribed.
Question 7
Which medication is commonly administered during hemodialysis to prevent
clotting in the extracorporeal circuit?
A) Warfarin
B) Aspirin
C) Heparin
D) Enoxaparin
E) Clopidogrel
Correct Answer: C) Heparin
Rationale: Heparin is the anticoagulant of choice commonly used
during hemodialysis to prevent blood from clotting within the
dialysis circuit (dialyzer and tubing).
, Question 8
A patient on hemodialysis reports muscle cramps during treatment. The
nurse understands this is a common complication primarily caused by:
A) Hypokalemia
B) Hypernatremia
C) Rapid fluid and electrolyte shifts
D) High blood pressure
E) Dialyzer reaction
Correct Answer: C) Rapid fluid and electrolyte shifts
Rationale: Muscle cramps during hemodialysis are a common
complication often attributed to rapid fluid and electrolyte removal,
particularly sodium and water, leading to extracellular volume
depletion.
Question 9
What is a key dietary restriction for patients with end-stage renal disease
(ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis?
A) Unlimited fluid intake
B) High sodium intake
C) Controlled intake of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium
D) High protein intake (unrestricted)
E) Unlimited dairy products
Correct Answer: C) Controlled intake of potassium, phosphorus, and
sodium
Rationale: Patients with ESRD on hemodialysis need to carefully
control their intake of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium, as the
kidneys are no longer able to excrete these effectively, leading to
dangerous accumulation.
Question 10
A patient on peritoneal dialysis develops cloudy effluent and abdominal pain.
The nurse suspects:
