TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-19 & Digital
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Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy Owen; Jenni
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Punt; Patricia Jones t t t
Complete Chapters 1-21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation|
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All Figures Included| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
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, Chapter 01 t
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
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instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
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CORRECT?
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CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen, the
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cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor). The
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory was
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
shown to be correct.
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2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how
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serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—some of which were previously exposed to an
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previously exposed animals were protected from a new
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccines.
t t t t t t t t t t t
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential
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bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
t t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As
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populations continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the disease.
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4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate of
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
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5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use of
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vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
t t t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
t t t t t t t t t t t t
Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines are
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I need
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the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology, how
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year - as a result, a new flu vaccine must
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common forms of the virus likely to be
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protect, and protection
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
t t t t t t t t t t t t
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the
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development of B cells.
t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as
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they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
antigens.
t
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body via
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circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
t t t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body is
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
t t t t t t
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
t t t t t t t t t t t t
Innate Immunity t Adaptive Immunity t
t Is mediated by what cells?
t t t t
What do they recognize? t t t
How are the receptors encoded?
t t t t
Why can't they control all infections alone? What
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do they do in response to antigen?
t t t t t t t
, CORRECT ANSWER: t
Adaptive
Innate Immunity t t
Immunity
Macrophages, NK t
Is mediated by
t t T cells and B
t t t
cells, neutrophils,
t t
what cells?
t t cells t
mast cells eosinophils
t t t
What do they t t Specific
Pathogen patterns t t
recognize?
t epitope
s
How are the t t
Rearranged
receptors Germ line t
gene segments t
encoded?
Why can't they t t
Pathogens evolve t Takes too long t t
control all t t
escape mechanisms t t to develop
t t
infections alone?
t t
What do theydo t t t Produce
Engulf and destroy, t t
in response to
t t t antibodies, kill
t t
induce inflammation t t
antigen? t infected cells
t t
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someone
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experiencing an inflammatory response.
t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
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localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
pressure if more severe.
t t t t
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient be
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immune from future bites of the same species?
t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short-term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the
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venom. In the long-term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
not generate long-lived memory cells.
t t t t t
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
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CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B-
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherited.
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The DNA that encodes for a mature B-cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t t t t t t t t
Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy Owen; Jenni
t t t t t t t t t
Punt; Patricia Jones t t t
Complete Chapters 1-21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation|
t t t t t t t
All Figures Included| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
t t t t t t
, Chapter 01 t
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
CORRECT?
t
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen, the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor). The
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory was
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
shown to be correct.
t t t t
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—some of which were previously exposed to an
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previously exposed animals were protected from a new
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccines.
t t t t t t t t t t t
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
t t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As
t t t t t t t t t t t
populations continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the disease.
t t t t t t t t t
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate of
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
t t t t t t t t t t t t
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use of
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
t t t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
t t t t t t t t t t t t
Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines are
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I need
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology, how
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year - as a result, a new flu vaccine must
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common forms of the virus likely to be
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protect, and protection
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
t t t t t t t t t t t t
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the
t t t t t t t t t t t t
development of B cells.
t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
antigens.
t
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body via
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
t t t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body is
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
t t t t t t
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
t t t t t t t t t t t t
Innate Immunity t Adaptive Immunity t
t Is mediated by what cells?
t t t t
What do they recognize? t t t
How are the receptors encoded?
t t t t
Why can't they control all infections alone? What
t t t t t t t
do they do in response to antigen?
t t t t t t t
, CORRECT ANSWER: t
Adaptive
Innate Immunity t t
Immunity
Macrophages, NK t
Is mediated by
t t T cells and B
t t t
cells, neutrophils,
t t
what cells?
t t cells t
mast cells eosinophils
t t t
What do they t t Specific
Pathogen patterns t t
recognize?
t epitope
s
How are the t t
Rearranged
receptors Germ line t
gene segments t
encoded?
Why can't they t t
Pathogens evolve t Takes too long t t
control all t t
escape mechanisms t t to develop
t t
infections alone?
t t
What do theydo t t t Produce
Engulf and destroy, t t
in response to
t t t antibodies, kill
t t
induce inflammation t t
antigen? t infected cells
t t
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someone
t t t t t t t t t t t
experiencing an inflammatory response.
t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
t t t t t t t t t t
localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
pressure if more severe.
t t t t
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient be
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
immune from future bites of the same species?
t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short-term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
venom. In the long-term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
not generate long-lived memory cells.
t t t t t
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
t t t t t t t t t t t t
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B-
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherited.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
The DNA that encodes for a mature B-cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
