ESTUDYR
ACU BIOL-121 UPDATED EXAM WITH MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | ASSURED SUCCESS WITH DETAILED
RATIONALES
1. Which term best describes properties that characterize all living cells and those unique to
special cell types?
A. Systemic physiology
B. Developmental physiology
C. Cellular physiology
D. Molecular genetics
Answer: C
Rationale: Cellular physiology examines functions common to all cells and features unique to
particular cell types.
2. What field studies coordination of functions among tissues and organs in the body?
A. Cellular physiology
B. Neurophysiology
C. Integrative physiology
D. Biochemistry
Answer: C
Rationale: Integrative physiology focuses on how different tissues and organs interact to
produce coordinated functions.
3. An antigen is best defined as:
A. A self-protein that suppresses immunity
B. Anything capable of inducing an immune response (foreign to the host)
C. A type of antibody
D. A lipid membrane component
Answer: B
Rationale: Antigens are molecules that the immune system recognizes as foreign and against
which it mounts a response.
4. Which phrase describes non-specific body defenses?
A. Memory-based targeted responses
,ESTUDYR
B. Vaccination-induced immunity
C. General innate defenses that attack a broad range of antigens
D. Antibody-mediated responses only
Answer: C
Rationale: Non-specific defenses (innate immunity) act broadly and are part of the first and
second lines of defense.
5. Specific body defenses are characterized by:
A. Immediate, identical response to any antigen
B. Targeted, acquired immunity developed during life
C. Physical barriers only
D. Complement proteins exclusively
Answer: B
Rationale: Specific (adaptive) immunity is tailored to particular antigens and improves with
exposure.
6. The “first line of defence” refers to:
A. T cell–mediated killing
B. Antibody production
C. Barriers that prevent entry of pathogens (e.g., skin, mucosa)
D. Phagocytosis inside tissues
Answer: C
Rationale: The first line includes anatomical and chemical barriers that prevent invasion.
7. The “second line of defence” includes all EXCEPT:
A. Phagocytosis
B. Fever
C. Inflammation
D. Antigen-specific antibodies produced by plasma cells
Answer: D
Rationale: Antibody production is part of the adaptive (third line) response, not the innate
second line.
, ESTUDYR
8. Which process is described as “cell eating” performed by white blood cells?
A. Pinocytosis
B. Exocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Apoptosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Phagocytosis is the engulfment and digestion of particles/pathogens by phagocytes.
9. Inflammation is primarily:
A. A systemic antibody response
B. Cell division of infected tissue
C. A localized response to injury that recruits immune cells and molecules
D. Passive diffusion of pathogens
Answer: C
Rationale: Inflammation is a local reaction involving chemical signals, increased blood flow, and
immune cell recruitment.
10. Interferons function to:
A. Digest bacterial cell walls
B. Generate antibodies
C. Interfere with viral replication and activate immune cells
D. Coat parasites for phagocytosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Interferons are cytokines released by infected cells to inhibit viral replication and
stimulate immune responses.
11. The complement system is best described as:
A. A form of adaptive immunity only
B. A group of phagocytes
C. A cascade of plasma proteins that enhance immune functions
D. A class of antibodies
Answer: C
Rationale: Complement proteins act enzymatically to opsonize pathogens, lyse cells, and
amplify inflammation.
ACU BIOL-121 UPDATED EXAM WITH MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | ASSURED SUCCESS WITH DETAILED
RATIONALES
1. Which term best describes properties that characterize all living cells and those unique to
special cell types?
A. Systemic physiology
B. Developmental physiology
C. Cellular physiology
D. Molecular genetics
Answer: C
Rationale: Cellular physiology examines functions common to all cells and features unique to
particular cell types.
2. What field studies coordination of functions among tissues and organs in the body?
A. Cellular physiology
B. Neurophysiology
C. Integrative physiology
D. Biochemistry
Answer: C
Rationale: Integrative physiology focuses on how different tissues and organs interact to
produce coordinated functions.
3. An antigen is best defined as:
A. A self-protein that suppresses immunity
B. Anything capable of inducing an immune response (foreign to the host)
C. A type of antibody
D. A lipid membrane component
Answer: B
Rationale: Antigens are molecules that the immune system recognizes as foreign and against
which it mounts a response.
4. Which phrase describes non-specific body defenses?
A. Memory-based targeted responses
,ESTUDYR
B. Vaccination-induced immunity
C. General innate defenses that attack a broad range of antigens
D. Antibody-mediated responses only
Answer: C
Rationale: Non-specific defenses (innate immunity) act broadly and are part of the first and
second lines of defense.
5. Specific body defenses are characterized by:
A. Immediate, identical response to any antigen
B. Targeted, acquired immunity developed during life
C. Physical barriers only
D. Complement proteins exclusively
Answer: B
Rationale: Specific (adaptive) immunity is tailored to particular antigens and improves with
exposure.
6. The “first line of defence” refers to:
A. T cell–mediated killing
B. Antibody production
C. Barriers that prevent entry of pathogens (e.g., skin, mucosa)
D. Phagocytosis inside tissues
Answer: C
Rationale: The first line includes anatomical and chemical barriers that prevent invasion.
7. The “second line of defence” includes all EXCEPT:
A. Phagocytosis
B. Fever
C. Inflammation
D. Antigen-specific antibodies produced by plasma cells
Answer: D
Rationale: Antibody production is part of the adaptive (third line) response, not the innate
second line.
, ESTUDYR
8. Which process is described as “cell eating” performed by white blood cells?
A. Pinocytosis
B. Exocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Apoptosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Phagocytosis is the engulfment and digestion of particles/pathogens by phagocytes.
9. Inflammation is primarily:
A. A systemic antibody response
B. Cell division of infected tissue
C. A localized response to injury that recruits immune cells and molecules
D. Passive diffusion of pathogens
Answer: C
Rationale: Inflammation is a local reaction involving chemical signals, increased blood flow, and
immune cell recruitment.
10. Interferons function to:
A. Digest bacterial cell walls
B. Generate antibodies
C. Interfere with viral replication and activate immune cells
D. Coat parasites for phagocytosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Interferons are cytokines released by infected cells to inhibit viral replication and
stimulate immune responses.
11. The complement system is best described as:
A. A form of adaptive immunity only
B. A group of phagocytes
C. A cascade of plasma proteins that enhance immune functions
D. A class of antibodies
Answer: C
Rationale: Complement proteins act enzymatically to opsonize pathogens, lyse cells, and
amplify inflammation.
