BIOLOGY 109 EXAM CHAPTERS 1, 2, &3
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
LATEST 2025/2026
Anatomy
study of the human body
Gross anatomy
study of visible structures with the unaided eye
Microscopic anatomy
study of structures with the help of a microscope
Physiology
study of human body function
Example of relationship of Anatomy and Physiology
,the anatomy of an organism is linked to its function.
FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION
Levels of Structural Organization
1) Chemical/Molecular Level
2) Cellular Level
3) Tissue Level
4) Organ Level
5) Organism
Homeostasis
maintenance of internal environment in a organism
Feedback loops
help maintain homeostasis
,Negative feedback
regulation in which a variable changes its direction results in actions that cause changes in the
variable in the opposite direction
ex: body temperature/blood pressure/glucose level in blood
Positive feedback
the effectors activity amplifies in response to a stimulus.
-Increase and reinforces the initial stimulus.
ex: blood clotting/ childbirth
Form Follows Functions examples
1) Nervous tissue is branched so it can communicate to each other throughout the body
2) urinary bladder is a hollow and muscular so it can store and expel urine
3 type of gradients
, 1) temperature
2) pressure
3) concentration
Cell to Cell communication
- required to coordinate body function
-occurs via electric signals or chemical messengers
ex: nerve cells releasing chemical messengers into the extracellular space next to a muscle cell
which triggers a response
Skeletal system
bones, joint
Integumentary system
skin, nails, hair
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
LATEST 2025/2026
Anatomy
study of the human body
Gross anatomy
study of visible structures with the unaided eye
Microscopic anatomy
study of structures with the help of a microscope
Physiology
study of human body function
Example of relationship of Anatomy and Physiology
,the anatomy of an organism is linked to its function.
FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION
Levels of Structural Organization
1) Chemical/Molecular Level
2) Cellular Level
3) Tissue Level
4) Organ Level
5) Organism
Homeostasis
maintenance of internal environment in a organism
Feedback loops
help maintain homeostasis
,Negative feedback
regulation in which a variable changes its direction results in actions that cause changes in the
variable in the opposite direction
ex: body temperature/blood pressure/glucose level in blood
Positive feedback
the effectors activity amplifies in response to a stimulus.
-Increase and reinforces the initial stimulus.
ex: blood clotting/ childbirth
Form Follows Functions examples
1) Nervous tissue is branched so it can communicate to each other throughout the body
2) urinary bladder is a hollow and muscular so it can store and expel urine
3 type of gradients
, 1) temperature
2) pressure
3) concentration
Cell to Cell communication
- required to coordinate body function
-occurs via electric signals or chemical messengers
ex: nerve cells releasing chemical messengers into the extracellular space next to a muscle cell
which triggers a response
Skeletal system
bones, joint
Integumentary system
skin, nails, hair
