Pathopharm Test 4 EXAM REVIEW
WITH EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT SOLUTIONS A+ GRADED
UPDATED 2025/2026||100%
GUARANTEED PASS!!<<LATEST
EXAM>>
which complication would the nurse prevent by addressing the needs of a
hyperventilating client?
a. cardiac arrest
b. carbonic acid deficit
c. reduction in serum pH
d. excess oxygen saturation - ANSWER ✓ b. carbonic acid deficit
the assessment of a newly admitted client reveals malnourishment, nausea,
distention, and a firm abdomen with ascites. the client has tachycardia and is
hypotensive. which physiological change occurred that resulted in the client's
development of ascites?
a. an increase in vitamins to maintain cell coenzyme functions
b. an increase in iron to maintain adequate hemoglobin synthesis
c. a decrease in sodium to maintain its concentration in tissue fluid
d. a decrease in plasma protein to maintain adequate capillary-tissue circulation -
ANSWER ✓ a decrease in plasma protein to maintain adequate capillary-tissue
circulation
a 4-month-old infant is brought to the emergency department after 2 days of
diarrhea. the infant is listless and has sunken eyeballs, a depressed anterior
fontanel, and poor tissue turgor. breathing is deep, rapid, and unlabored. stools are
liquid and there has been no obvious urine output. which problem would the nurse
be concerned about?
a. kidney failure
b. mild dehydration
c. metabolic acidosis
d. respiratory alkalosis - ANSWER ✓ c. metabolic acidosis
, an infant has been vomiting after each feeding, and the physical assessment
reveals poor skin turgor, a sunken anterior fontanel, and tremors. which process
would the nurse suspect as causing the infants acid-base imbalance?
a. retention of potassium in the cells
b. loss of fluid by way of the kidneys
c. loss of chloride ions through vomiting
d. reduction of blood supply to body cells - ANSWER ✓ c. loss of chloride ions
through vomiting
the nurse providing postoperative care for a client who had kidney surgery reviews
the clients urinalysis report. which urinary finding indicates the need to notify the
primary health care provider?
a. acidic pH
b. glucose negative
c. bacteria negative
d. presence of large proteins - ANSWER ✓ d. presence of large proteins
a child with type 1 diabetes is admitted to the hospital with deep, rapid
respirations; flushed, dry cheeks; abdominal pain with nausea; and increased thirst.
which laboratory findings are the nurse most likely to observe?
a. pH 7.25; glucose 60 mg/dL
b. pH 7.50; glucose 60 mg/dL
c. pH 7.25; glucose 460 mg/dL
d. pH 7.50; glucose 460 mg/dL - ANSWER ✓ c. pH 7.25; glucose 460 mg/dL
SATA
which assessment finding would the nurse associate with a client with diabetic
ketoacidosis?
a. diaphoresis
b. retinopathy
c. acetone breath
d. increased arterial bicarbonate level
e. decreased arterial carbon dioxide level - ANSWER ✓ c, e
which complication would the nurse monitor for when caring for an infant with
intractable vomiting?
a. acidosis
b. alkalosis
,c. hyperkalemia
d. hypernatremia - ANSWER ✓ b. alkalosis
a high school student arrives at the local blood drive center to donate blood for the
first time and as the site is being prepared for needle insertion, the student becomes
agitated and starts to hyperventilate. which instruction would the nurse provide the
student?
a. breathe into cupped hands
b. pant using rapid, shallow breaths
c. use a rapid deep-breathing pattern
d. hold the breath for as long as possible - ANSWER ✓ a. breathe into cupped
hands
when ammonia is excreted by health kidneys, which mechanism usually is
maintained?
a. osmotic pressure of the blood
b. acid-base balance of the body
c. low bacterial levels in the urine
d. normal red blood cell production - ANSWER ✓ b. acid-base balance of the body
which chemical buffers excessive acetoacetic acid?
a. potassium
b. sodium bicarbonate
c. carbon dioxide
d. sodium chloride - ANSWER ✓ b. sodium bicarbonate
SATA
which statement made by the client identifies a regulatory function of the kidney?
a. "eryhtropoiesis"
b. " acid-base balance"
c. "vitamin D activation"
d. "blood pressure control"
e. "fluid and electrolyte balance" - ANSWER ✓ b, e
which information would the nurse include when teaching a client about the
administration of ranitidine?
a. ranitidine increases gastrointestinal peristalsis
b. ranitidine reduces gastric acidity in the stomach
c. ranitidine neutralizes the acid that is present in the stomach
, d. ranitidine stops the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach - ANSWER
✓ b. ranitidine reduces gastric acidity in the stomach
which information would the nurse include in response to a clients questioning a
protein-restricted dietary change required for acute kidney injury?
a. " a high-protien intake ensures an adequate daily supply of amino acids to
compensate for losses"
b. "essential and nonessential amino acids are necessary in the diet to supply
materials for tissue protein synthesis"
c. "this diet supplies only essential amino acids, reducing the amount of metabolic
waste products, thus decreasing stress on the kidneys"
d. "currently, your body is unable to synthesize amino acids, so the nitrogen for
amino acid synthesis must come from the dietary protien" - ANSWER ✓ c. "this
diet supplies only essential amino acids, reducing the amount of metabolic waste
products, thus decreasing stress on the kidneys"
SATA
the nurse recognizes which statements are true regarding the pharmacokinetic
changes observed in infants?
a. an infants fat content is higher
b. an infants gastric pH is less acidic
c. an infants gastric emptying is slow
d. an infants first-pass metabolism is slow
e. an infants transdermal absorption is rapid - ANSWER ✓ b, c, d
SATA
an infant with persistent diarrhea is subject to significant fluid and electrolyte
alterations. which physiologic imbalance would the nurse most likely encounter?
a. hypovolemia
b. hyperkalemia
c. hypercalcemia
d. metabolic acidosis
e. decreased hematocrit - ANSWER ✓ a, d
which medication corrects for deleterious effects of anaerobic energy production
when a clients cells are deprived of oxygen during a cardiac arrest?
a. regular insulin
b. calcium gluconate
c. potassium chloride
WITH EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT SOLUTIONS A+ GRADED
UPDATED 2025/2026||100%
GUARANTEED PASS!!<<LATEST
EXAM>>
which complication would the nurse prevent by addressing the needs of a
hyperventilating client?
a. cardiac arrest
b. carbonic acid deficit
c. reduction in serum pH
d. excess oxygen saturation - ANSWER ✓ b. carbonic acid deficit
the assessment of a newly admitted client reveals malnourishment, nausea,
distention, and a firm abdomen with ascites. the client has tachycardia and is
hypotensive. which physiological change occurred that resulted in the client's
development of ascites?
a. an increase in vitamins to maintain cell coenzyme functions
b. an increase in iron to maintain adequate hemoglobin synthesis
c. a decrease in sodium to maintain its concentration in tissue fluid
d. a decrease in plasma protein to maintain adequate capillary-tissue circulation -
ANSWER ✓ a decrease in plasma protein to maintain adequate capillary-tissue
circulation
a 4-month-old infant is brought to the emergency department after 2 days of
diarrhea. the infant is listless and has sunken eyeballs, a depressed anterior
fontanel, and poor tissue turgor. breathing is deep, rapid, and unlabored. stools are
liquid and there has been no obvious urine output. which problem would the nurse
be concerned about?
a. kidney failure
b. mild dehydration
c. metabolic acidosis
d. respiratory alkalosis - ANSWER ✓ c. metabolic acidosis
, an infant has been vomiting after each feeding, and the physical assessment
reveals poor skin turgor, a sunken anterior fontanel, and tremors. which process
would the nurse suspect as causing the infants acid-base imbalance?
a. retention of potassium in the cells
b. loss of fluid by way of the kidneys
c. loss of chloride ions through vomiting
d. reduction of blood supply to body cells - ANSWER ✓ c. loss of chloride ions
through vomiting
the nurse providing postoperative care for a client who had kidney surgery reviews
the clients urinalysis report. which urinary finding indicates the need to notify the
primary health care provider?
a. acidic pH
b. glucose negative
c. bacteria negative
d. presence of large proteins - ANSWER ✓ d. presence of large proteins
a child with type 1 diabetes is admitted to the hospital with deep, rapid
respirations; flushed, dry cheeks; abdominal pain with nausea; and increased thirst.
which laboratory findings are the nurse most likely to observe?
a. pH 7.25; glucose 60 mg/dL
b. pH 7.50; glucose 60 mg/dL
c. pH 7.25; glucose 460 mg/dL
d. pH 7.50; glucose 460 mg/dL - ANSWER ✓ c. pH 7.25; glucose 460 mg/dL
SATA
which assessment finding would the nurse associate with a client with diabetic
ketoacidosis?
a. diaphoresis
b. retinopathy
c. acetone breath
d. increased arterial bicarbonate level
e. decreased arterial carbon dioxide level - ANSWER ✓ c, e
which complication would the nurse monitor for when caring for an infant with
intractable vomiting?
a. acidosis
b. alkalosis
,c. hyperkalemia
d. hypernatremia - ANSWER ✓ b. alkalosis
a high school student arrives at the local blood drive center to donate blood for the
first time and as the site is being prepared for needle insertion, the student becomes
agitated and starts to hyperventilate. which instruction would the nurse provide the
student?
a. breathe into cupped hands
b. pant using rapid, shallow breaths
c. use a rapid deep-breathing pattern
d. hold the breath for as long as possible - ANSWER ✓ a. breathe into cupped
hands
when ammonia is excreted by health kidneys, which mechanism usually is
maintained?
a. osmotic pressure of the blood
b. acid-base balance of the body
c. low bacterial levels in the urine
d. normal red blood cell production - ANSWER ✓ b. acid-base balance of the body
which chemical buffers excessive acetoacetic acid?
a. potassium
b. sodium bicarbonate
c. carbon dioxide
d. sodium chloride - ANSWER ✓ b. sodium bicarbonate
SATA
which statement made by the client identifies a regulatory function of the kidney?
a. "eryhtropoiesis"
b. " acid-base balance"
c. "vitamin D activation"
d. "blood pressure control"
e. "fluid and electrolyte balance" - ANSWER ✓ b, e
which information would the nurse include when teaching a client about the
administration of ranitidine?
a. ranitidine increases gastrointestinal peristalsis
b. ranitidine reduces gastric acidity in the stomach
c. ranitidine neutralizes the acid that is present in the stomach
, d. ranitidine stops the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach - ANSWER
✓ b. ranitidine reduces gastric acidity in the stomach
which information would the nurse include in response to a clients questioning a
protein-restricted dietary change required for acute kidney injury?
a. " a high-protien intake ensures an adequate daily supply of amino acids to
compensate for losses"
b. "essential and nonessential amino acids are necessary in the diet to supply
materials for tissue protein synthesis"
c. "this diet supplies only essential amino acids, reducing the amount of metabolic
waste products, thus decreasing stress on the kidneys"
d. "currently, your body is unable to synthesize amino acids, so the nitrogen for
amino acid synthesis must come from the dietary protien" - ANSWER ✓ c. "this
diet supplies only essential amino acids, reducing the amount of metabolic waste
products, thus decreasing stress on the kidneys"
SATA
the nurse recognizes which statements are true regarding the pharmacokinetic
changes observed in infants?
a. an infants fat content is higher
b. an infants gastric pH is less acidic
c. an infants gastric emptying is slow
d. an infants first-pass metabolism is slow
e. an infants transdermal absorption is rapid - ANSWER ✓ b, c, d
SATA
an infant with persistent diarrhea is subject to significant fluid and electrolyte
alterations. which physiologic imbalance would the nurse most likely encounter?
a. hypovolemia
b. hyperkalemia
c. hypercalcemia
d. metabolic acidosis
e. decreased hematocrit - ANSWER ✓ a, d
which medication corrects for deleterious effects of anaerobic energy production
when a clients cells are deprived of oxygen during a cardiac arrest?
a. regular insulin
b. calcium gluconate
c. potassium chloride
