,CHAPTER 1: EVOLUTION OF NURSING AND NURSING EDUCATION
p p p p p p p
MULTIPLE CHOICE p
1. The nurse realizes that the primary focus of nursing is on the:
p p p p p p p p p p p
a. illness. c. treatment of the illness. p p p
b. cause of the illness. p d. client‘s response to the illness.
p p p p p p p p
ANS: D p
Nursing requires a delicate balance of promoting clients‘ independence and dependence. Nursing
p p p p p p p p p p p
focuses not on illness but rather on the client‘s response to illness. The practice of physicians or
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
medicine focuses on the cause of the illness and the treatment of the illness.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: p p Introduction
2. While studying the history of nursing, the nurse realizes that the first hospital in the West was
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
established by:
p p
a. Fabiola. c. Florence Nightingale. p
b. Hygiea. d. Dorothea Dix. p p p
ANS: A p
Fabiola founded the first hospital in 390 AD. Hygiea was the goddess of health according to the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
ancient Greeks. Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing, and she lived
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
from 1820 to 1910. Dorothea Dix practiced nursing during the Civil War.
p p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: p p Table 1-1| Evolution of Nursing p p p p
3. The nurse realizes that religion affected the development of nursing which began:
p p p p p p p p p p p
a. in India around 800-600 BC.
p pc. during the Middle Ages. p p p p p
b. during the Roman Empire. p d. at the time of the Renaissance.
p p p p p p p p p
ANS: A p
The strong influence of religions on the development of nursing started in India between 800 to
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
600 BC. The crusades of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance occurred after 600 BC. There is no
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
documentation of religious influences on the development of nursing during the Roman Empire.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Religious Influences p p p
4. Reflecting on the impact of wars on the evolution of nursing, the nurse realizes that:
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
a. the need for nurses increased during and after major wars.
p p p p p p p p p
b. poor conditions during wars caused a decline in nursing care.
p p p p p p p p p
c. wars have been the stimulus for most nursing advances.
p p p p p p p p
d. wars have had little effect on the evolution of nursing.
p p p p p p p p p
ANS: A p
During wartime, the need for nurses increases dramatically, both at home and in the field. Poor
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
conditions during wars did not cause a decline in nursing care. Wars may or may not have been the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
stimulus for nursing advances; however, wars have effected the evolution of nursing care.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Demands of War p p p p
5. The nurse realizes that which of the following is a belief that Florence Nightingale had about
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
nursing education?
p p
a. Basing education on a holistic framework inclusive of illness and health
p p p p p p p p p p
, b. Needing a practical basis for nursing practice p p p p p p
c. Creating an environment that serves physicians is most important p p p p p p p p
d. Basing the nursing curriculum on medical knowledge p p p p p p
ANS: A p
Florence Nightingale had specific beliefs about nursing education. The first is that it is based upon
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
a holistic framework inclusive of illness and health. Nightingale also believed that there is a need
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
for a theoretical basis for nursing practice and not a practical basis. She also believed in the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
importance of creating an environment that promotes healing and not an environment that served
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
physicians. One additional belief was that the nursing curriculum should be based upon nursing
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
knowledge and not medical knowledge.
p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: p Florence Nightingale (1820 - 1910) p p p p
6. The nurse realizes that the Nightingale Training School of Nurses at St. Thomas‘s Hospital in
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
London was:
p p
a. the first school of nursing in the West.
p p p p p p p
b. the first nursing school to provide both theory-based knowledge and clinical skill building.
p p p p p p p p p p p p
c. the first school of nursing to accept women.
p p p p p p p
d. established to provide nurses to fight in the Crimean War. p p p p p p p p p
ANS: B p
The Nightingale Training School of Nurses at St. Thomas‘s Hospital in London was the first
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
school for nurses that provided both theory-based knowledge and clinical skills. This was not the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
first school of nursing in the West nor the first school of nursing to accept women. This school
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
was not established to provide nurses to fight in the Crimean War.
p p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: p Florence Nightingale (1820 - 1910) p p p p
7. The nurse, considering home care nursing, realizes that Lillian Wald is noted as being:
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
a. the first nurse to graduate from a school of nursing in the United States.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
b. Superintendent of Nurses during the Civil War. p p p p p p
c. the first community health nurse.
p p p p
d. the founder of the American Nurses Association.
p p p p p p
ANS: C p
Lillian Wald spent her life providing nursing care to the indigent and, in 1893, as the first
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
community health nurse, she founded public health nursing with the establishment of the Henry
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Street Settlement Service. Wald was not the first nurse to graduate from a school of nursing in the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
United States nor was she the Superintendent of Nurses during the Civil War. She was not the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
founder of the American Nurses Association.
p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: p Nursing Pioneers and Leaders: Lillian Wald p p p p p
8. The nurse, giving direction to a nursing assistant for client care, realizes that which of the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
following nurse leaders opposed the movement to put untrained nursing aides under the control
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
of physicians during World War I?
p p p p p p
a. Clara Barton pc. Annie Goodrich p
b. Isabel Hampton Robb d. Jane Delano
p p p p p
ANS: D p
During World War I, Delano was opposed to the aide education plan created by physicians who
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
wanted the Red Cross to put untrained nursing aides at their sides to assist with war casualties.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Annie Goodrich was in favor of the physicians‘ aide education plan. Robb was a supporter of the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
rights of nursing students. Clara Barton was a nurse during the Civil War.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
, PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Nursing Pioneers and Leaders
p p p p p
9. The nurse, assisting nursing students with providing client care, realizes that Isabel Hampton Robb
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
is noted for which of the following?
p p p p p p p
a. Opposing the organization of nurses p p p p
b. Establishing the American Red Cross p p p p
c. Believing that the nursing student was a learner, not an employee
p p p p p p p p p p
d. Establishing the Frontier Nursing Service p p p p
ANS: C p
Isabel Hampton Robb was an early supporter of the rights of nursing students and emphasized the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
prole of the nursing student as a learner instead of an employee. Robb did not oppose the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
porganization of nurses since she founded several nursing organizations. Robb did not establish the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
pAmerican Red Cross nor did she establish the Frontier Nursing Service.
p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Nursing Pioneers and Leaders
p p p p p
10. While researching a client health care issue, the nurse realizes that the nurse who wrote one of the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
first nursing textbooks was:
p p p p
a. Lavinia Dock. p
b. Mary Breckinridge. p
c. Martha Franklin. p
d. Amelia Greenwald. p
ANS: A p
Lavinia Dock was an influential leader in American nursing education; she wrote one of the first
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
nursing textbooks as well as being the first editor of the American Journal of Nursing. Mary
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Breckinridge created the Frontier Nursing Service. Martha Franklin advocated for racial equality in
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
nursing. Amelia Greenwald was a catalyst for international public health nursing.
p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Nursing Pioneers and Leaders
p p p p p
11. While documenting in a client‘s record, the nurse remembers that the nurse leader who introduced
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
the practice of keeping nurses‘ notes was:
p p p p p p p
a. Mamie Hale. c. Harriet Neuton Phillips.
p p p
b. Mary Mahoney. p d. Linda Richards. p p p
ANS: D p
Linda Richards introduced the practice of keeping nurses‘ notes and physicians‘ orders as part of
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
medical records. Mamie Hale upgraded the educational programs for midwives. Mary Mahoney
p p p p p p p p p p p p
was America‘s first African American professional nurse. Harriet Neuton Phillips was the first
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
American nurse to receive a training certificate.
p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Nursing Pioneers and Leaders
p p p p p
12. While reviewing a client‘s health insurance plan, the nurse remembers that the first prepaid
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
medical plan was started in:
p p p p p
a. Pacific Northwest lumber and mining camps. p p p p p
b. Chicago.
c. New York City. p p
d. Washington DC. p
ANS: A
p p
p p p p p p p
MULTIPLE CHOICE p
1. The nurse realizes that the primary focus of nursing is on the:
p p p p p p p p p p p
a. illness. c. treatment of the illness. p p p
b. cause of the illness. p d. client‘s response to the illness.
p p p p p p p p
ANS: D p
Nursing requires a delicate balance of promoting clients‘ independence and dependence. Nursing
p p p p p p p p p p p
focuses not on illness but rather on the client‘s response to illness. The practice of physicians or
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
medicine focuses on the cause of the illness and the treatment of the illness.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: p p Introduction
2. While studying the history of nursing, the nurse realizes that the first hospital in the West was
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
established by:
p p
a. Fabiola. c. Florence Nightingale. p
b. Hygiea. d. Dorothea Dix. p p p
ANS: A p
Fabiola founded the first hospital in 390 AD. Hygiea was the goddess of health according to the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
ancient Greeks. Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing, and she lived
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
from 1820 to 1910. Dorothea Dix practiced nursing during the Civil War.
p p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: p p Table 1-1| Evolution of Nursing p p p p
3. The nurse realizes that religion affected the development of nursing which began:
p p p p p p p p p p p
a. in India around 800-600 BC.
p pc. during the Middle Ages. p p p p p
b. during the Roman Empire. p d. at the time of the Renaissance.
p p p p p p p p p
ANS: A p
The strong influence of religions on the development of nursing started in India between 800 to
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
600 BC. The crusades of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance occurred after 600 BC. There is no
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
documentation of religious influences on the development of nursing during the Roman Empire.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Religious Influences p p p
4. Reflecting on the impact of wars on the evolution of nursing, the nurse realizes that:
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
a. the need for nurses increased during and after major wars.
p p p p p p p p p
b. poor conditions during wars caused a decline in nursing care.
p p p p p p p p p
c. wars have been the stimulus for most nursing advances.
p p p p p p p p
d. wars have had little effect on the evolution of nursing.
p p p p p p p p p
ANS: A p
During wartime, the need for nurses increases dramatically, both at home and in the field. Poor
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
conditions during wars did not cause a decline in nursing care. Wars may or may not have been the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
stimulus for nursing advances; however, wars have effected the evolution of nursing care.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Demands of War p p p p
5. The nurse realizes that which of the following is a belief that Florence Nightingale had about
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
nursing education?
p p
a. Basing education on a holistic framework inclusive of illness and health
p p p p p p p p p p
, b. Needing a practical basis for nursing practice p p p p p p
c. Creating an environment that serves physicians is most important p p p p p p p p
d. Basing the nursing curriculum on medical knowledge p p p p p p
ANS: A p
Florence Nightingale had specific beliefs about nursing education. The first is that it is based upon
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
a holistic framework inclusive of illness and health. Nightingale also believed that there is a need
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
for a theoretical basis for nursing practice and not a practical basis. She also believed in the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
importance of creating an environment that promotes healing and not an environment that served
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
physicians. One additional belief was that the nursing curriculum should be based upon nursing
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
knowledge and not medical knowledge.
p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: p Florence Nightingale (1820 - 1910) p p p p
6. The nurse realizes that the Nightingale Training School of Nurses at St. Thomas‘s Hospital in
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
London was:
p p
a. the first school of nursing in the West.
p p p p p p p
b. the first nursing school to provide both theory-based knowledge and clinical skill building.
p p p p p p p p p p p p
c. the first school of nursing to accept women.
p p p p p p p
d. established to provide nurses to fight in the Crimean War. p p p p p p p p p
ANS: B p
The Nightingale Training School of Nurses at St. Thomas‘s Hospital in London was the first
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
school for nurses that provided both theory-based knowledge and clinical skills. This was not the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
first school of nursing in the West nor the first school of nursing to accept women. This school
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
was not established to provide nurses to fight in the Crimean War.
p p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: p Florence Nightingale (1820 - 1910) p p p p
7. The nurse, considering home care nursing, realizes that Lillian Wald is noted as being:
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
a. the first nurse to graduate from a school of nursing in the United States.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
b. Superintendent of Nurses during the Civil War. p p p p p p
c. the first community health nurse.
p p p p
d. the founder of the American Nurses Association.
p p p p p p
ANS: C p
Lillian Wald spent her life providing nursing care to the indigent and, in 1893, as the first
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
community health nurse, she founded public health nursing with the establishment of the Henry
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Street Settlement Service. Wald was not the first nurse to graduate from a school of nursing in the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
United States nor was she the Superintendent of Nurses during the Civil War. She was not the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
founder of the American Nurses Association.
p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: p Nursing Pioneers and Leaders: Lillian Wald p p p p p
8. The nurse, giving direction to a nursing assistant for client care, realizes that which of the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
following nurse leaders opposed the movement to put untrained nursing aides under the control
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
of physicians during World War I?
p p p p p p
a. Clara Barton pc. Annie Goodrich p
b. Isabel Hampton Robb d. Jane Delano
p p p p p
ANS: D p
During World War I, Delano was opposed to the aide education plan created by physicians who
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
wanted the Red Cross to put untrained nursing aides at their sides to assist with war casualties.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Annie Goodrich was in favor of the physicians‘ aide education plan. Robb was a supporter of the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
rights of nursing students. Clara Barton was a nurse during the Civil War.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
, PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Nursing Pioneers and Leaders
p p p p p
9. The nurse, assisting nursing students with providing client care, realizes that Isabel Hampton Robb
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
is noted for which of the following?
p p p p p p p
a. Opposing the organization of nurses p p p p
b. Establishing the American Red Cross p p p p
c. Believing that the nursing student was a learner, not an employee
p p p p p p p p p p
d. Establishing the Frontier Nursing Service p p p p
ANS: C p
Isabel Hampton Robb was an early supporter of the rights of nursing students and emphasized the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
prole of the nursing student as a learner instead of an employee. Robb did not oppose the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
porganization of nurses since she founded several nursing organizations. Robb did not establish the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
pAmerican Red Cross nor did she establish the Frontier Nursing Service.
p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Nursing Pioneers and Leaders
p p p p p
10. While researching a client health care issue, the nurse realizes that the nurse who wrote one of the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
first nursing textbooks was:
p p p p
a. Lavinia Dock. p
b. Mary Breckinridge. p
c. Martha Franklin. p
d. Amelia Greenwald. p
ANS: A p
Lavinia Dock was an influential leader in American nursing education; she wrote one of the first
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
nursing textbooks as well as being the first editor of the American Journal of Nursing. Mary
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
Breckinridge created the Frontier Nursing Service. Martha Franklin advocated for racial equality in
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
nursing. Amelia Greenwald was a catalyst for international public health nursing.
p p p p p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Nursing Pioneers and Leaders
p p p p p
11. While documenting in a client‘s record, the nurse remembers that the nurse leader who introduced
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
the practice of keeping nurses‘ notes was:
p p p p p p p
a. Mamie Hale. c. Harriet Neuton Phillips.
p p p
b. Mary Mahoney. p d. Linda Richards. p p p
ANS: D p
Linda Richards introduced the practice of keeping nurses‘ notes and physicians‘ orders as part of
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
medical records. Mamie Hale upgraded the educational programs for midwives. Mary Mahoney
p p p p p p p p p p p p
was America‘s first African American professional nurse. Harriet Neuton Phillips was the first
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
American nurse to receive a training certificate.
p p p p p p p
PTS: p p 1 DIF: Analysis REF: Nursing Pioneers and Leaders
p p p p p
12. While reviewing a client‘s health insurance plan, the nurse remembers that the first prepaid
p p p p p p p p p p p p p
medical plan was started in:
p p p p p
a. Pacific Northwest lumber and mining camps. p p p p p
b. Chicago.
c. New York City. p p
d. Washington DC. p
ANS: A
p p
