Test Bank for Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, 9th Edition by McCance, 9780323789882, Covering Chapters 1-49 | Includes Rationales

Test Bank for Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and

Children, 9th Edition by McCance, 9780323789882, Covering Chapters 1-49 |

Includes Rationales

,TEST BANK FOR
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McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and
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Children 9th Edition by Julia Rogers
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Chapter 1-49 p




Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
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Rogers: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition
p p p p p p




MULTIPLE CHOICE p




1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
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a. Cells can produce proteins. p p p


b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. p p p p


c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. p p p p p p


d. Cells can synthesize fats. p p p




ANS: C p


In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


psurroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
p p p p p p p p p p p


pmetabolic absorption. p




DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering p p




2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
p p p p p p p p p p p p


a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C p


The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most
p p p p p p p p p p p p p


of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
p p p p p p p p p p p


Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes
p p p p p p p p p p p


function as the intracellular digestive system.
p p p p p p




DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering p p




3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove
p p p p p p p p p p p p p


hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
p p p p p p p p p


a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B p

, Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove
p p p p p p p p p p p p p


hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is
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a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p


Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
p p p p p p p p p p p


and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and
p p p p p p p p p p p p


contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins,
p p p p p p p p p p p p p


lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


from the cellular membrane.
p p p p




DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering p p




4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
p p p p p p p p p p p p p


injury?
p


a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex p


c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum p p


d. Lysosomes
ANS: D p


The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes
p p p p p p p p p p p p


within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p


Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-
p p p p p p p p p p p p p


digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone
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production and removing toxic substances from the cell.
p p p p p p p p




DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering p p




5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
p p p p p p p


a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction p p p p p p


b. Secretion of cortisol p p


c. Increased retention of water p p p


d. Breakdown of fat p p




ANS: C p


Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes
p p p p p p p p p p p p


increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH.
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.
p p p p p p p




DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering p p




6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
p p p p p p p p p


a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B p

, The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


= synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA
p p p p p p p p p p p p p


synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


cytoplasmic division.
p p




DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering p p




7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as
p p p p p p p p p p


receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
p p p p p p p p p p p


a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C p


Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for
p p p p p p p p p p


electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p


membranes together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in
p p p p p p p p p p p p


cellular protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
p p p p p p p p p p p




DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering p p




8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug
p p p p p p p p p p p p


therapy for which human diseases?
p p p p p


a. Cardiac and vascular disorders p p p


b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders p p p


c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders p p p


d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders p p p




ANS: B p


Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug
p p p p p p p p p p p p


interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases,
p p p p p p p p p p


including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular,
p p p p p p p p


gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
p p p p p p p p p p




DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering p p




9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
p p p p p p p p p p


membrane?
p


a. Carbohydrate chains p


b. Glycoprotein channels p


c. Membrane channel proteins p p


d. Lipid bilayer p




ANS: D p