TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-19 & Digital
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Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy Owen; Jenni
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Punt; Patricia Jones nn nn nn
Complete Chapters 1-21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation|
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All Figures Included| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
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, Chapter 01 nn
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
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instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
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CORRECT?
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CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen, the
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cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor). The
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instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory was
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shown to be correct.
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2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how
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serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He
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challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—some of which were previously exposed to an
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attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previously exposed animals were protected from a new
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challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccines.
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3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential
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bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
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CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As
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populations continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
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unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the disease.
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4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising
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incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate
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of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
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CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of
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autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
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5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use
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of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
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Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines
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are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
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,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I
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need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology,
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how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
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CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year - as a result, a new flu vaccine
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must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common forms of the virus likely to be
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encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protect, and protection
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against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
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7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the
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development of B cells.
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CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as
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they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host
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antigens.
nn
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body via
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circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
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CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
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surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body is
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constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
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9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Innate Immunity nn Adaptive Immunity nn
nn Is mediated by what cells?
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What do they recognize? nn nn nn
How are the receptors encoded?
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Why can't they control all infections alone? What
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nn do they do in response to antigen?
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, CORRECT ANSWER: nn
Adaptive
Innate Immunity nn
Immunit
nn
y
Macrophages, NK nn
Is mediated by
nn nn T cells and B
nn nn nn
cells, neutrophils,
nn nn
what cells?
nn nn cells nn
nn mast cells eosinophils nn nn
What do they nn nn Specific
Pathogen patterns nn nn
recognize?
nn epitope
s
How are the nn nn
Rearranged
receptors Germ line
gene segments
nn
nn
encoded?
Why can't they nn nn
Pathogens evolve nn Takes too long nn nn
control all nn nn
nn escape mechanisms nn to develop
nn nn
infections nn
alone? nn
Produce
Engulf and destroy, nn nn
What do theydo nn nn n nn antibodies, kill nn
nn induce inflammation nn
in response to
nn nn nn infected cells
nn nn
antigen? nn
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someone
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experiencing an inflammatory response.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
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localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood
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pressure if more severe.
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11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient be
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immune from future bites of the same species?
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CORRECT ANSWER: In the short-term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against
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the venom. In the long-term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity
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does not generate long-lived memory cells.
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12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
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CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B-
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cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherited.
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The DNA that encodes for a mature B-cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
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nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy Owen; Jenni
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Punt; Patricia Jones nn nn nn
Complete Chapters 1-21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation|
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
All Figures Included| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
nn nn nn nn nn nn
, Chapter 01 nn
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
CORRECT?
nn
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen, the
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor). The
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory was
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
shown to be correct.
nn nn nn nn
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—some of which were previously exposed to an
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previously exposed animals were protected from a new
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccines.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
populations continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the disease.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology,
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year - as a result, a new flu vaccine
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common forms of the virus likely to be
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protect, and protection
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
development of B cells.
nn nn nn nn
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
antigens.
nn
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body via
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body is
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
nn nn nn nn nn nn
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Innate Immunity nn Adaptive Immunity nn
nn Is mediated by what cells?
nn nn nn nn
What do they recognize? nn nn nn
How are the receptors encoded?
nn nn nn nn
Why can't they control all infections alone? What
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
nn do they do in response to antigen?
nn nn nn nn nn nn
, CORRECT ANSWER: nn
Adaptive
Innate Immunity nn
Immunit
nn
y
Macrophages, NK nn
Is mediated by
nn nn T cells and B
nn nn nn
cells, neutrophils,
nn nn
what cells?
nn nn cells nn
nn mast cells eosinophils nn nn
What do they nn nn Specific
Pathogen patterns nn nn
recognize?
nn epitope
s
How are the nn nn
Rearranged
receptors Germ line
gene segments
nn
nn
encoded?
Why can't they nn nn
Pathogens evolve nn Takes too long nn nn
control all nn nn
nn escape mechanisms nn to develop
nn nn
infections nn
alone? nn
Produce
Engulf and destroy, nn nn
What do theydo nn nn n nn antibodies, kill nn
nn induce inflammation nn
in response to
nn nn nn infected cells
nn nn
antigen? nn
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someone
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
experiencing an inflammatory response.
nn nn nn nn
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
pressure if more severe.
nn nn nn nn
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient be
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
immune from future bites of the same species?
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short-term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
the venom. In the long-term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
does not generate long-lived memory cells.
nn nn nn nn nn nn
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B-
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherited.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
The DNA that encodes for a mature B-cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
