TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-
xc xc xc xc xc xc
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
xc xc xc xc
Complete Chapters 1- xc xc
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Include
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
d| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
xc xc xc
, Chapter 01 xc
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two di
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ffer? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the recept
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
or). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective th
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
eory was shown to be correct.
xc xc xc xc xc
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain h
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ow serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He ch
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
allenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
xc xc xc xc xc xc
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previou
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
sly exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogen
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
s as vaccines.
xc xc
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potent
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ial bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to th
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
e disease.
xc
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. Ant
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines ar
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
e a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immuno
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
logy, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most commo
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
n forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against w
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
hich they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
are closely-related.
xc xc
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during t
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
he development of B cells.
xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc x
as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target
c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
host antigens. xc
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive surv
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
eillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body i
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
s constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
xc xc xc xc xc xc
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Innate Immunity xc
Adaptive Immunity xc
xc Is mediated by what cells?
xc xc xc xc
What do they recognize?xc xc xc
How are the receptors encoded?
xc xc xc xc
Why can't they control all infections alone? W
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
hat do they do in response to antigen?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
, CORRECT ANSWER: xc
Innate Immunity xc
Adaptive x
c
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK ce xc xc
Is mediated by
xc xc T cells and B
xc xc xc
lls, neutrophils, mast
xc xc xc
what cells?
xc xc cells xc
cells eosinophils xc
What do they xc xc Pathogen patterns xc
Specific
recognize?
xc
xc
epitope
s
How are the xc xc
Rearranged
receptors Germ line xc
gene segments xc
encoded?
Why can't they xc xc xc
Pathogens evolve Takes too long t xc xc xc xc xc
control all infect xc xc
escape mechanisms o develop xc xc
ions alone? xc
What do they do xc Produce antib
xc xc xc xc
Engulf and destroy, xc xc
in response to a
xc odies, kill infe xc xc xc xc
induce inflammatio xc xc
ntigen? cted cells xc
n
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someo
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ne experiencing an inflammatory response.
xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
pressure if more severe.
xc xc xc xc
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc x
be immune from future bites of the same species?
c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- xc xc xc xc
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate lon
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
g-lived memory cells.xc xc
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
B-
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inher
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
xc xc xc xc xc xc
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
xc xc xc xc
Complete Chapters 1- xc xc
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Include
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
d| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
xc xc xc
, Chapter 01 xc
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two di
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ffer? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the recept
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
or). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective th
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
eory was shown to be correct.
xc xc xc xc xc
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain h
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ow serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He ch
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
allenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
xc xc xc xc xc xc
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previou
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
sly exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogen
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
s as vaccines.
xc xc
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potent
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ial bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to th
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
e disease.
xc
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. Ant
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines ar
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
e a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immuno
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
logy, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most commo
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
n forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against w
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
hich they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
are closely-related.
xc xc
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during t
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
he development of B cells.
xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc x
as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target
c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
host antigens. xc
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive surv
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
eillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body i
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
s constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
xc xc xc xc xc xc
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
Innate Immunity xc
Adaptive Immunity xc
xc Is mediated by what cells?
xc xc xc xc
What do they recognize?xc xc xc
How are the receptors encoded?
xc xc xc xc
Why can't they control all infections alone? W
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
hat do they do in response to antigen?
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
, CORRECT ANSWER: xc
Innate Immunity xc
Adaptive x
c
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK ce xc xc
Is mediated by
xc xc T cells and B
xc xc xc
lls, neutrophils, mast
xc xc xc
what cells?
xc xc cells xc
cells eosinophils xc
What do they xc xc Pathogen patterns xc
Specific
recognize?
xc
xc
epitope
s
How are the xc xc
Rearranged
receptors Germ line xc
gene segments xc
encoded?
Why can't they xc xc xc
Pathogens evolve Takes too long t xc xc xc xc xc
control all infect xc xc
escape mechanisms o develop xc xc
ions alone? xc
What do they do xc Produce antib
xc xc xc xc
Engulf and destroy, xc xc
in response to a
xc odies, kill infe xc xc xc xc
induce inflammatio xc xc
ntigen? cted cells xc
n
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someo
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ne experiencing an inflammatory response.
xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
pressure if more severe.
xc xc xc xc
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc x
be immune from future bites of the same species?
c xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- xc xc xc xc
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate lon
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
g-lived memory cells.xc xc
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
B-
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inher
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
ited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xc
