TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-
km km km km km km
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Ju
km km km km km km km km km
dy Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
km km km km km
Complete Chapters 1- km km
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Includ
km km km km km km km km
ed| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
km km km
, Chapter 01 km
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
km km km km km km km km km km
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the tw
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
o differ? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an ant
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
igen, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of t
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
he receptor). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. T
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
he selective theory was shown to be correct.
km km km km km km km
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explai
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
n how serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. H
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
e challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
km km km km km km km
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the pre
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
viously exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
pathogens as vaccines. km km
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a p
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
otential bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ende
km km km km km km km km km km
d. As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
km km km km km km km km km
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible t
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
o the disease.
km km
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the ri
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
sing incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to obser
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ve in the rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
km km km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, c
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ases of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continu
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ed use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
km km km km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vac
km km km km km km km km km km km km
cines are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease contro
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
l measures.
km
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km k
mdo I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
immunology, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support y
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
our answer.km
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
km km km km km km km km km km km
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most c
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ommon forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathoge
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
n against which they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection agains
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
t pathogens that are closely-related.
km km km km
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors duri
km km km km km km km km km km km
ng the development of B cells.
km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse patho
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
gens as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize an
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
d target host antigens.
km km km
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the b
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ody via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
km km km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the huma
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
n body is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
km km km km km km km km
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
km km km km km km km km km km km km
Innate Immunity km
Adaptive Immunit km
y Is mediated by what cells?
km km km km km
What do they recognize?
km km km
How are the receptors encoded?
km km km km
Why can't they control all infections alone?
km km km km km km km
What do they do in response to antigen?
km km km km km km km
, CORRECT ANSWER: km
Innate Immunity km
Adaptive k
m
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK c km km
Is mediated b
km T cells andkm km km km
ells, neutrophils, ma km km
y what cell km km B cells km
st cells eosinophils km km
s?
What do the Pathogen patterns
km km
Specific km
y recognize km
epitope
km
? s
How are the km Rearranged
km
receptors Germ line km
gene segments km
encoded?
Why can't they km km k
Pathogens evolve Takes too long km km km km k
control all infe
m km km
escape mechanism to develop km m km
ctions alone? km
s
What do they d km Produce antib
km km km
o in response t
km km odies, kill infe km km km
Engulf and destroy km km
o antigen? km cted cells km
, induce inflammati km km
on
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of so
km km km km km km km km km km km
meone experiencing an inflammatory response.
km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might ha
km km km km km km km km km km
ve localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
of blood pressure if more severe.
km km km km km
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recip
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ient be immune from future bites of the same species?
km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- km km km km
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generat
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
e long-lived memory cells.
km km km
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
km km km km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigen
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
s. A B-
km km
kmcell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km k
minherited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
km km km km km km km km
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
km km km km km km km km km km
km km km km km km
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Ju
km km km km km km km km km
dy Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
km km km km km
Complete Chapters 1- km km
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Includ
km km km km km km km km
ed| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
km km km
, Chapter 01 km
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
km km km km km km km km km km
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the tw
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
o differ? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an ant
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
igen, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of t
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
he receptor). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. T
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
he selective theory was shown to be correct.
km km km km km km km
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explai
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
n how serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. H
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
e challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
km km km km km km km
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the pre
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
viously exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
pathogens as vaccines. km km
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a p
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
otential bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ende
km km km km km km km km km km
d. As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
km km km km km km km km km
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible t
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
o the disease.
km km
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the ri
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
sing incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to obser
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ve in the rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
km km km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, c
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ases of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continu
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ed use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
km km km km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vac
km km km km km km km km km km km km
cines are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease contro
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
l measures.
km
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km k
mdo I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
immunology, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support y
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
our answer.km
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
km km km km km km km km km km km
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most c
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ommon forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathoge
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
n against which they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection agains
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
t pathogens that are closely-related.
km km km km
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors duri
km km km km km km km km km km km
ng the development of B cells.
km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse patho
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
gens as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize an
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
d target host antigens.
km km km
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the b
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ody via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
km km km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the huma
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
n body is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
km km km km km km km km
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
km km km km km km km km km km km km
Innate Immunity km
Adaptive Immunit km
y Is mediated by what cells?
km km km km km
What do they recognize?
km km km
How are the receptors encoded?
km km km km
Why can't they control all infections alone?
km km km km km km km
What do they do in response to antigen?
km km km km km km km
, CORRECT ANSWER: km
Innate Immunity km
Adaptive k
m
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK c km km
Is mediated b
km T cells andkm km km km
ells, neutrophils, ma km km
y what cell km km B cells km
st cells eosinophils km km
s?
What do the Pathogen patterns
km km
Specific km
y recognize km
epitope
km
? s
How are the km Rearranged
km
receptors Germ line km
gene segments km
encoded?
Why can't they km km k
Pathogens evolve Takes too long km km km km k
control all infe
m km km
escape mechanism to develop km m km
ctions alone? km
s
What do they d km Produce antib
km km km
o in response t
km km odies, kill infe km km km
Engulf and destroy km km
o antigen? km cted cells km
, induce inflammati km km
on
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of so
km km km km km km km km km km km
meone experiencing an inflammatory response.
km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might ha
km km km km km km km km km km
ve localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
of blood pressure if more severe.
km km km km km
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recip
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ient be immune from future bites of the same species?
km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- km km km km
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generat
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
e long-lived memory cells.
km km km
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
km km km km km km km km km km km km
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigen
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
s. A B-
km km
kmcell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km k
minherited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
km km km km km km km km
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
km km km km km km km km km km
