TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-
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19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Jud
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y Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
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Complete Chapters 1- nw nw
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Includ
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ed| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
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, Chapter 01 nw
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
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specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the tw
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o differ? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
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CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an anti
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gen, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the
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receptor). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
selective theory was shown to be correct.
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2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explai
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
n how serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw n
wchallenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
nw nw nw nw nw nw
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the pre
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
viously exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
pathogens as vaccines. nw nw
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a po
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tential bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
. As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible t
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o the disease.
nw nw
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the ris
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ing incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observ
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
e in the rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, c
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ases of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continu
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ed use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vacc
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ines are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
measures.
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
do I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
immunology, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support yo
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ur answer.
nw
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most co
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
mmon forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
against which they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against p
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
athogens that are closely-related.
nw nw nw
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors durin
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
g the development of B cells.
nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathog
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ens as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw n
wtarget host antigens. nw nw
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the bo
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
dy via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the huma
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
n body is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
Innate Immunity nw
Adaptive Immunit nw
y Is mediated by what cells?
nw nw nw nw nw
What do they recognize?
nw nw nw
How are the receptors encoded?
nw nw nw nw
Why can't they control all infections alone?
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What do they do in response to antigen?
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, CORRECT ANSWER: nw
Innate Immunity nw
Adaptive n
w
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK c nw nw
Is mediated b
nw T cells andnw nw nw nw
ells, neutrophils, ma nw nw
y what cells nw nw B cells nw
st cells eosinophils nw nw
?
What do the Pathogen patterns
nw nw
Specific nw
y recognize nw
epitope
nw
? s
How are the nw Rearranged
nw
receptors Germ line nw
gene segments nw
encoded?
Why can't they nw nw n
Pathogens evolve Takes too long nw nw nw nw nw
control all infe
w nw nw
escape mechanisms to develop nw nw
ctions alone? nw
What do they do nw nw Produce antib nw nw
Engulf and destroy nw nw
in response to
nw nw odies, kill infe
nw nw nw nw
, induce inflammati nw nw
antigen? cted cells nw
on
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of som
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
eone experiencing an inflammatory response.
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CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might ha
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ve localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering o
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
f blood pressure if more severe.
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11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipi
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ent be immune from future bites of the same species?
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- nw nw nw nw
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw n
wlong-lived memory cells. nw nw
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
A B-
nw nw
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
inherited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
nw nw nw nw nw nw
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Jud
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
y Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
nw nw nw nw nw
Complete Chapters 1- nw nw
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Includ
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ed| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
nw nw nw
, Chapter 01 nw
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the tw
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
o differ? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an anti
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
gen, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
receptor). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
selective theory was shown to be correct.
nw nw nw nw nw nw
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explai
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
n how serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw n
wchallenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
nw nw nw nw nw nw
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the pre
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
viously exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
pathogens as vaccines. nw nw
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a po
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
tential bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
. As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible t
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
o the disease.
nw nw
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the ris
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ing incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observ
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
e in the rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, c
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ases of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continu
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ed use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vacc
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ines are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
measures.
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
do I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
immunology, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support yo
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ur answer.
nw
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most co
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
mmon forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
against which they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against p
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
athogens that are closely-related.
nw nw nw
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors durin
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
g the development of B cells.
nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathog
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ens as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw n
wtarget host antigens. nw nw
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the bo
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
dy via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the huma
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
n body is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
Innate Immunity nw
Adaptive Immunit nw
y Is mediated by what cells?
nw nw nw nw nw
What do they recognize?
nw nw nw
How are the receptors encoded?
nw nw nw nw
Why can't they control all infections alone?
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
What do they do in response to antigen?
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
, CORRECT ANSWER: nw
Innate Immunity nw
Adaptive n
w
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK c nw nw
Is mediated b
nw T cells andnw nw nw nw
ells, neutrophils, ma nw nw
y what cells nw nw B cells nw
st cells eosinophils nw nw
?
What do the Pathogen patterns
nw nw
Specific nw
y recognize nw
epitope
nw
? s
How are the nw Rearranged
nw
receptors Germ line nw
gene segments nw
encoded?
Why can't they nw nw n
Pathogens evolve Takes too long nw nw nw nw nw
control all infe
w nw nw
escape mechanisms to develop nw nw
ctions alone? nw
What do they do nw nw Produce antib nw nw
Engulf and destroy nw nw
in response to
nw nw odies, kill infe
nw nw nw nw
, induce inflammati nw nw
antigen? cted cells nw
on
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of som
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
eone experiencing an inflammatory response.
nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might ha
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ve localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering o
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
f blood pressure if more severe.
nw nw nw nw nw
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipi
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
ent be immune from future bites of the same species?
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- nw nw nw nw
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw n
wlong-lived memory cells. nw nw
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
A B-
nw nw
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
inherited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw nw
